Gastric Emptying of New-World Milk Containing A1 and A2 Β-Casein Is More Rapid as Compared to Milk Containing Only A2 Β-Casein in Lactose Maldigesters: A Randomized, Cross-Over Trial Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Ramakrishnan, Monica; Zhou, Xiaopeng; Dydak, Ulrike; Savaiano, Dennis A.

doi:10.3390/nu15040801

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…The research suggests that the difference could be a contributing factor to the higher occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms in lactose-intolerant individuals after A1 milk consumption. Overall, lower rates of gas production and fewer digestive system disorders were observed in lactose-intolerant individuals consuming A2 milk [51].…”

Section: Lactose Intolerancementioning

confidence: 91%

“…The A1 milk consumer group generally had higher maldigestion compared to the A2 milk group. [51] Table 1. Cont.…”

Section: Lactose Intolerance In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In individuals with lactose intolerance, the transmission time of milk after digestion in the stomach is directly proportional to gastrointestinal symptoms [66]. Based on these associations, a randomized crossover trial was conducted involving the consumption of A1/A2 milk among lactose-intolerant individuals [51].…”

Section: Lactose Intolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

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BCM-7: Opioid-like Peptide with Potential Role in Disease Mechanisms

Bolat,

Eker,

Yılmaz

et al. 2024

Molecules

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Bovine milk is an essential supplement due to its rich energy- and nutrient-rich qualities. Caseins constitute the vast majority of the proteins in milk. Among these, β-casein comprises around 37% of all caseins, and it is an important type of casein with several different variants. The A1 and A2 variants of β-casein are the most researched genotypes due to the changes in their composition. It is accepted that the A2 variant is ancestral, while a point mutation in the 67th amino acid created the A1 variant. The digestion derived of both A1 and A2 milk is BCM-7. Digestion of A2 milk in the human intestine also forms BCM-9 peptide molecule. The opioid-like characteristics of BCM-7 are highlighted for their potential triggering effect on several diseases. Most research has been focused on gastrointestinal-related diseases; however other metabolic and nervous system-based diseases are also potentially triggered. By manipulating the mechanisms of these diseases, BCM-7 can induce certain situations, such as conformational changes, reduction in protein activity, and the creation of undesired activity in the biological system. Furthermore, the genotype of casein can also play a role in bone health, such as altering fracture rates, and calcium contents can change the characteristics of dietary products. The context between opioid molecules and BCM-7 points to a potential triggering mechanism for the central nervous system and other metabolic diseases discussed.

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Section: Lactose Intolerancementioning

confidence: 91%

“…The A1 milk consumer group generally had higher maldigestion compared to the A2 milk group. [51] Table 1. Cont.…”

Section: Lactose Intolerance In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

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BCM-7: Opioid-like Peptide with Potential Role in Disease Mechanisms

Bolat,

Eker,

Yılmaz

et al. 2024

Molecules

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“…Our previous research indicated that acute consumption of A2 milk results in fewer symptoms and reduced maldigestion in lactose maldigesters [ 15 ]. Furthermore, milk containing A1 β-casein undergoes more rapid gastric transit than A2 milk, which suggests less stomach and/or small bowel digestion and more colonic fermentation [ 16 ]. Fermentation generates gases including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane in some individuals and causes intestinal distention and fecal urgency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged Consumption of A2 β-Casein Milk Reduces Symptoms Compared to A1 and A2 β-Casein Milk in Lactose Maldigesters: A Two-Week Adaptation Study

Ramakrishnan,

Mysore Saiprasad,

Savaiano

2024

Nutrients

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Approximately 30% of milk protein is β-casein. We aimed to determine whether lactose maldigesters who chronically consumed two cups of A1/A2 milk (containing 75% A1 β-casein and 25% A2 β-casein) would adapt to have fewer intolerance symptoms, lower serum inflammatory markers, and/or altered glutathione levels similar to those consuming A2 milk (containing 100% A2 β-casein). A double-blinded, randomized, crossover trial was conducted. Sixteen confirmed lactose maldigesters consumed 250 mL of A1/A2 milk and A2 milk twice daily with meals for two weeks. At the end of the adaptation period on day 15, lactose maldigestion was measured after a challenge with the same milk used for adaptation (0.5 g of lactose per kg of body weight) with a hydrogen breath test. Fecal urgency was higher during the two-week consumption of A1/A2 milk compared to A2 milk (p = 0.04, n = 16). Bloating (p = 0.03, n = 16) and flatulence (p = 0.02, n = 16) were also higher on the 15th day with A1/A2 milk compared to A2 milk challenge. However, day-to-day symptoms, hydrogen, serum inflammatory markers, and antioxidant concentrations were not different after A1/A2 and A2 milk consumption adaptation periods. Adaptation over two weeks did not improve lactose digestion or tolerance of A1/A2 milk to match that of A2 milk.

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“…In Ukraine, given the long tradition of cattle breeding, there is an excellent variety of different breeds, among which the unique Ukrainian Lebedyn breed, genetic studies of which began only recently [11,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of beta-casein gene polymorphism in dairy cattle populations of Ukraine

Ladyka,

Skliarenko,

Pavlenko

et al. 2023

Management of the Genetic Fund of Animals – Problems, Solutions, Outlooks

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Using real-time polymerase chain reaction methods, we have researched the CSN2 polymorphism gene in 2 populations of cows in the North-East of Ukraine. The observed distributions of genotype frequencies А1А1, А1А2, А2А2 and A1 or A2 alleles varies considerably in different cattle populations of cows: population of brown cattle – 1.7%, 38.5, 59.8% (0.209 and 0.791); black and spotted population – 18.3%, 44.7%, 37.0% (0.406 and 0.594). The ratio of genotypes were found significant differences when comparing genotypes A1A1 (p<0.001) and A2A2 (p<0.001). The results of DNA testing of the beta-casein locus for A1 and A2-allelic variants in stud bulls of the studied populations have shown that the highest frequency of the A2A2 desired homozygous genotype is characteristic of the breeders of brown cattle (46%). The obtained results indicate the prospects of breeding work to create herds with genotype A2A2 animals - specifically with the brown cattle.

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Gastric Emptying of New-World Milk Containing A1 and A2 Β-Casein Is More Rapid as Compared to Milk Containing Only A2 Β-Casein in Lactose Maldigesters: A Randomized, Cross-Over Trial Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

BCM-7: Opioid-like Peptide with Potential Role in Disease Mechanisms

BCM-7: Opioid-like Peptide with Potential Role in Disease Mechanisms

Prolonged Consumption of A2 β-Casein Milk Reduces Symptoms Compared to A1 and A2 β-Casein Milk in Lactose Maldigesters: A Two-Week Adaptation Study

Study of beta-casein gene polymorphism in dairy cattle populations of Ukraine

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