Gastric fluid measurement by blind aspiration in paediatric patients: A gastroscopic evaluation

Abstract

Blind aspiration of gastric contents accurately estimates gastric fluid volume for paediatric patients fasted for surgery. Population estimates for gastric fluid volume in otherwise healthy fasted paediatric patients are shown.

Validity of ultrasonographic measurement of gastric volume in fasted pediatric patients without sedation

“…In the present study, we measured gastric volume according to the technique proposed by Cook-Sather et al They reported that this technique could aspirate approximately 97 % of gastric contents [13]. Hence, we are confident that the aspirated volume measured in our study accurately reflected the actual gastric contents.…”

“…After tracheal intubation, a multi-orifice catheter (10-16 French Salem Sump Tube, Covidien, Japan) was inserted into the stomach from the mouth, and its position was verified by auscultation of the epigastrium after inflation with air. The volume of gastric contents was measured by aspirating the contents slowly into a 20 ml syringe for 5 min while moving the tube back and forth between the following three positions: supine, left lateral tilt, and right lateral tilt [13].…”

Determining soil remedial action criteria for acute effects: The challenge of copper

“…Copper concentrations in the stomach comparable to those observed in the drinking water studies are most likely to occur when relatively large amounts of soil are ingested on an empty stomach. For example, at a soil concentration of 3600 mg/kg, the stomach copper concentration for a 15 kg child ingesting 20% of a total daily soil intake of 40 mg (i.e., 8 mg) would be 3 mg/L (assuming volume of gastric juice is 0.4 mL/kg or 0.006 L, based on Cook-Sather et al (1997), and bioaccessibility of 0.65, based on Golder Associates, Inc. (2002)). This value is greater than the estimated threshold concentration in the stomach of 1.4 mg/L, based on the concentration-response functions observed in the studies by Araya et al (2001Araya et al ( , 2003a and Olivares et al (2001), above which some individuals may experience GI symptoms.…”

“…For this analysis, we conservatively used 80 mL as a reasonable maximum upper-end value for the volume of gastric juice in an adult's empty stomach. This volume was selected based on information from the National Library of Medicine, which reports a range of 20-100 mL as the volume of gastric juice in an empty stomach (NLM, 2003) as well as a study by Cook-Sather et al (1997), who reported a 95th percentile of approximately 1.13 mL/kg body weight for gastric fluid volume in healthy, fasted children. Assuming a similar gastric fluid volume/weight ratio in adults, 80 mL corresponds approximately with the 95th percentile for gastric fluid volume for a typical 70-kg adult.…”

“…Cook-Sather et al (1997) reported a mean (±SD) gastric fluid volume of 0.4 (±0.45) mL/kg body weight, a maximum volume of 4.1 mL/kg, a 50th percentile of 0.27 mL/kg, and a 95th percentile 6 1.25 mL/kg. We converted the gastric fluid volumes reported by Cook-Sather et al (1997) in units of mL/kg into units of mL, assuming a constant body weight of 15 kg, as recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for a 1-to 6-year-old child (US EPA, 2004a). Using this body weight, the mean (±SD) V gastric used for this analysis was 6 (±6.75) mL.…”