Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease

Skjærbæk, Christian; Knudsen, Karen A.; Horsager, Jacob; Borghammer, Per

doi:10.3390/jcm10030493

Cited by 46 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 129 publications

(200 reference statements)

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“…Several forms of treatment range from atropine drops, Botulinum toxin, and glycopyrrolate (an oral anticholinergic) (Table 2). Constipation is a common gastrointestinal problem in PD [86]. PwP should follow a good diet and preventative maintenance (e.g., drink plenty of fluids, use dietary fiber products).…”

Section: Therapy Options For Treating Non-motor Symptoms Of Pdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Church

2021

Biomolecules

131

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) usually presents in older adults and typically has both motor and non-motor dysfunctions. PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the mid-brain substantia nigra pars compacta region. Outlined here is an integrative medicine and health strategy that highlights five treatment options for people with Parkinson’s (PwP): rehabilitate, therapy, restorative, maintenance, and surgery. Rehabilitating begins following the diagnosis and throughout any additional treatment processes, especially vis-à-vis consulting with physical, occupational, and/or speech pathology therapist(s). Therapy uses daily administration of either the dopamine precursor levodopa (with carbidopa) or a dopamine agonist, compounds that preserve residual dopamine, and other specific motor/non-motor-related compounds. Restorative uses strenuous aerobic exercise programs that can be neuroprotective. Maintenance uses complementary and alternative medicine substances that potentially support and protect the brain microenvironment. Finally, surgery, including deep brain stimulation, is pursued when PwP fail to respond positively to other treatment options. There is currently no cure for PD. In conclusion, the best strategy for treating PD is to hope to slow disorder progression and strive to achieve stability with neuroprotection. The ultimate goal of any management program is to improve the quality-of-life for a person with Parkinson’s disease.

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Section: Therapy Options For Treating Non-motor Symptoms Of Pdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Church

2021

Biomolecules

131

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“…Constipation represents one of the most frequent, and often disabling, non-motor symptoms that can precede for years the onset of the clinical symptoms [ 72 ]. Accordingly, α-syn can be detected in the colon submucosal tissue and in the submucosal plexus in both ascending and descending colon [ 71 ].…”

Section: Peripheral Accumulation Of α-Synuclein and Non-motor Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of SNCA Variations and Its Product Alpha-Synuclein on Non-Motor Features of Parkinson’s Disease

Magistrelli

Contaldi

Comi

2021

Life

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common and progressive neurodegenerative disease, caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in the midbrain, which is clinically characterized by a constellation of motor and non-motor manifestations. The latter include hyposmia, constipation, depression, pain and, in later stages, cognitive decline and dysautonomia. The main pathological features of PD are neuronal loss and consequent accumulation of Lewy bodies (LB) in the surviving neurons. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is the main component of LB, and α-syn aggregation and accumulation perpetuate neuronal degeneration. Mutations in the α-syn gene (SNCA) were the first genetic cause of PD to be identified. Generally, patients carrying SNCA mutations present early-onset parkinsonism with severe and early non-motor symptoms, including cognitive decline. Several SNCA polymorphisms were also identified, and some of them showed association with non-motor manifestations. The functional role of these polymorphisms is only partially understood. In this review we explore the contribution of SNCA and its product, α-syn, in predisposing to the non-motor manifestations of PD.

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“…There is a link between the gut and the CNS in which the composition of the microbiota plays a key role, for example in Parkinson's disease (PD), which is caused by the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Apart from the fact that dopamine levels are high in the intestine, dopamine receptors are expressed in many types of cells within the structural components of the intestine, and constipation is one of the first symptoms of some PD patients (see [98][99][100] for review), intestinal dysbiosis has an impact on disease etiopathology [101][102][103]. Describing the effects of the microbiota on genesis and progression of PD, or any other neurodegenerative disease, is outside the scope of the present article.…”

Section: The Role Of the Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant Supplements versus Health Benefits of Brief/Intermittent Exposure to Potentially Toxic Physical or Chemical Agents

Franco

Casanovas

Camps

et al. 2021

CIMB

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Although antioxidants can act locally to react with an oxidant, oral administration of “antioxidants” is quite useless in treating oxidative stress in tissues. Furthermore, it does not make sense to consider a vitamin as an antioxidant, but vitamin B3 leads to the in vivo formation of compounds that are essential for reducing this stress. A rigorous treatment of the subject indicates that to deal with oxidative stress, the most direct approach is to enhance the innate antioxidant mechanisms. The question is whether this is possible through daily activities. Diets can contain the necessary components for these mechanisms or may induce the expression of the genes involved in them. Another possibility is that pro-oxidant molecules in food increase the sensitivity and power of the detoxification pathways. This option is based on well-known DNA repair mechanisms after exposure to radiation (even from the Sun), or strong evidence of induction of antioxidant capacity after exposure to powerful pro-oxidants such as H2O2. More experimental work is required to test whether some molecules in food can increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes and/or improve antioxidant mechanisms. Identifying effective molecules to achieve such antioxidant power is critical to the food and nutraceutical industries. The potential of diet-based interventions to combat oxidative stress must be viewed from a new perspective.

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Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease

Cited by 46 publications

References 129 publications

Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Treatment Options for Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

The Impact of SNCA Variations and Its Product Alpha-Synuclein on Non-Motor Features of Parkinson’s Disease

Antioxidant Supplements versus Health Benefits of Brief/Intermittent Exposure to Potentially Toxic Physical or Chemical Agents

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