Gastrointestinal tract and skin permeability of chemicals in consumer products using parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA)

Abstract

Some chemicals commonly used in personal care products, household items, food vessels, cosmetics, and other consumer products are potentially harmful, and several reviews of epidemiological studies have suggested the associations between the chemical exposure from consumer products, and respiratory diseases, skin sensitization, and reproductive problems. Therefore, risk assessment is essential for management of consumer products safety. Necessarily, the estimation of human exposure is an essential step in risk assessment, and the absorption rate of those chemicals via the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin are very critical in determining the internal dose of the exposed chemicals. In this study, parallel artificial membrane permeability assays (PAMPA) for the gastrointestinal tract and skin were performed to evaluate the permeability of parabens (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl-, propyl-, and butyl paraben), bisphenols (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S), isothiazolinones (methyl-, chloromethyl-, benz-, octyl-, and dichlorooctyl isothiazolinone), and phthalates [diethyl-, dibutyl-, Di-isononyl-, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate]. Lipid solubility of test chemicals indicated by log P values was shown as the most critical factor and showed a positive association with the permeability of parabens, bisphenols, and isothiazolinones in PAMPA assay. However, phthalate showed a reverse-association between lipophilicity and permeability. The permeability of all the tested chemicals was higher in the gastrointestinal tract membrane than in the skin membrane. The pH in donor solution did not show significant effects on the permeability in all the chemicals, except the chemicals with a free hydrophilic moiety in their chemical structures.

Essential Oils as Preservatives in Cosmetics: An Integrative Review

“…Therefore, this strategy is historically recent, coinciding with the environmental concern and toxicological potential of what we consume in the world [12]. However, approximately in the last 20 years, studies have been stimulated to prove the efficacy of EOs and their active components, mainly by the strong discussion of microbial resistance [13,14] and possible adverse reactions in human health [7,15]. This is confirmed in the present results, because there is a growth of studies from 2009 and the years with the highest number of studies were 2013 and 2017.…”

“…Currently, methylparaben and ethyl paraben are the most used types in cosmetics because they have good compatibility with formulations, low toxicity, and allergenicity, and low cost; moreover, they are odorless, colorless to white, and active in a wide range of pH and temperature, being used on the skin, hair, lips, nails, and mucous membranes being their oral and topical use may be uninterrupted [6]. However, due to consumer demands and some studies demonstrating certain risks to human health [7], synthetic chemical preservatives are being set aside by a more natural option. There is a higher demand for natural compounds that can act as a preservative in cosmetics and foods [8].…”

Adaptation and Resistance: How Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Copes with the Bisphenol A Substitute Bisphenol F

“…BPA was shown to aggregate into clusters, pulling phospholipids from bilayer membranes and eventually leading to pore formation [38]. Regarding similar chemical properties of BPF and BPA (including e.g., logP: 2.91 and 3.40, respectively), they are expected to exhibit a similar permeation through biological membranes [39,40].…”