Gastroparesis-Related Symptoms in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Early Detection, Risk Factors, and Prevalence

Abstract

BackgroundThe symptoms of gastroparesis, such as bloating, postprandial fullness, early satiety, nausea, and abdominal discomfort, progressively worsen the quality of life of the affected individuals. The diagnosis is established on the assessment of gastric function that confirms delayed gastric emptying in the absence of structural etiologies. This study aimed to detect gastroparesis-related clinical symptoms early in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), investigate the concomitant risk factors, and evaluate the prevalence.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors Influence on Microvascular Complications in Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…BMI categories include normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m²), underweight (<18.5 kg/m²), overweight (25-30 kg/m²), and obese (>30 kg/m²) [ 1 , 2 ]. Good glycemic control is defined as fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels below 130 mg/dL, while FBS levels above 130 mg/dL are considered poor control [ 1 - 3 ].…”

“…According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the global diabetes prevalence was estimated to be 10.5% in people aged 20-79 (537 million people), where 6.7 million people die every year from associated diabetic complications [ 1 ]. Although DM affects all organs, blindness, amputation, and renal failure contribute significantly to the social and financial burden of this disease in both T1DM and T2DM patients [ 2 ].…”

“…Metabolic syndrome (MetSy) is characterized by central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and low high-density lipoproteins (HDL) [ 2 , 3 ]. MetSy precedes or coexists with diabetes in 70-80% of cases [ 2 ], and it has been related to a threefold increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), other microvascular sequelae, and early death [ 3 , 4 ].…”

“…Although the precise cause of MetSy remains unknown, specialists believe that insulin resistance and central obesity are significant causes. Chronic hyperglycemia, genetic predisposition, aging, a sedentary lifestyle with less physical activity, new eating behaviors, inflammation, and hormonal changes may all play a role, but the impact may differ by the ethnicity of the population under study [ 2 , 4 - 5 ].…”

“…The potential variables could be classified as socio-demographic factors (age, gender, marital status), behavioral factors (obesity, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, adherence to diet, BMI), and clinical factors (diabetes duration, family history, blood sugar control, type of therapy, comorbidities like hypertension and lipid disorders) [ 5 , 6 ]. Research suggests that age [ 2 ], gender, marital status [ 5 ], family history of diabetes [ 6 - 7 ], diabetes duration ≥ 5 years [ 2 - 4 , 7 - 10 ], insufficient glycemic control [ 5 , 10 - 11 ], no adherence to a healthy balanced diet [ 11 ], lack of exercise [ 12 - 13 ], overweight and obesity [ 9 - 14 ], mixed hypoglycemic therapies [ 15 ], type of insulin therapy [ 16 ], use of statins for any dyslipidemia [ 2 , 17 ], and hypertension [ 2 - 4 , 9 - 11 , 16 - 19 ] are forecasting factors of complications from microvascular disease among T1DM and T2DM patients.…”