Gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of Prunus cerasus phytochemicals and their possible mechanisms of action

Abstract

Prunus cerasus ( P. cerasus ) is an alternative-medicine used traditionally for amelioration of chronic-ailments marked by elevation in oxidative-stress like neuropathy. The oxidative-stress control was reported to ameliorate the inflammatory-process. This study aimed to phytochemically-investigate P. cerasus most-active phytochemicals utilizing in-vivo biological models to explore their gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive potentials and their possible mechanisms of action. Sonication with EtAc was used to extract P. cerasus fruit (Scf), and seed (Scs). The phytochemical-investigation of Scf was performed by RP-HPLC, while that of Scs was explored utilizing GC-FID. A bio-guided-fraction and isolation method was done utilizing column-chromatography, and have shown that cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G) was the most-active constituent in Scf, while linoleic-acid (LA) was the most-active constituent in Scs. Scf, Scs, Cy3G, and LA significantly (p ˂ 0.05) protected the gastric-mucosa against HCl/EtOH-induced gastric-lesions. Scs (200 mg/kg) has shown the most gastroprotective-potentials, and had comparable-results to ranitidine (50 mg/kg). Scf, Scs, Cy3G, and LA have shown significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potentials against carrageenan induced-edema and nociceptive-pain, respectively, where Scs (200 mg/kg) has shown the most anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potentials, and had comparable results to ibuprofen (100 mg/kg). Scf, Scs, Cy3G, and LA have counter-acted carrageenan-induced oxidative-stress markers, with increased serum-catalase and reduced-glutathione levels, and decreased lipid-peroxidation. Histopathological-studies demonstrated gastroprotective potentials, regeneration and improvement of the spleen-structural architecture when treated with highest doses of Scs and Scf. The reduction of the pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha and IL-6, and elevation the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 levels, spleen regenerative-capacity and oxidative-stress amelioration might be the main-mechanism responsible for P. cerasus anti-inflammatory potentials. P. cerasus appears to aid in ameliorating the inflammatory process, and reducing pain-thresholds while preserving the stomach.

Polyphenol-Enriched Extracts of Prunus spinosa Fruits: Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects in Human Immune Cells Ex Vivo in Relation to Phytochemical Profile

“…Ethnopharmacological sources suggest that blackthorn fruits may control systemic and local inflammation, especially within the digestive tract, but also in the urinary tract and cardiovascular system [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Recent preclinical and epidemiological studies of polyphenol-rich fruits of similar composition, such as cherries or blueberries, have confirmed their exceptional effectiveness against gastrointestinal inflammation [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Those effects might be connected with the oral bioavailability profile of polyphenols.…”

Matrix Metalloproteinases and Arterial Hypertension: Role of Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in Vascular Functional and Structural Alterations

“…Several studies correlate circulating MMP concentrations and hypertension [ 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ]. The activation of MMPs, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, is directly involved in the vascular remodeling observed in hypertension since they are responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, including elastin and collagen, and promote migration and phenotypic alterations of VSMC in resistance and conductance arteries [ 84 ].…”

“…In fact, mechanical forces and vasoconstrictor agonists have synergistic effects on the expression and activity of MMPs in hypertension [ 95 ]. Increases in both the MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations and activity assessed in the vessels or in the plasma of hypertensive animals or humans are apparently not accompanied by corresponding increases in the activity of endogenous MMP inhibitors (the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases), thus revealing imbalanced MMP activity in hypertension [ 77 , 85 , 86 , 88 ]. In addition to increasing the degradation of the extracellular matrix components, these alterations stimulate vascular smooth muscle cells to switch from contractile to synthetic phenotypes, thus facilitating cell growth or migration [ 96 ].…”

Heme Degradation in Pathophysiology of and Countermeasures to Inflammation-Associated Disease

“…Studies show that a reduction in the proinflammatory TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels and an elevation in the anti-inflammatory factor of IL-10 and oxidative stress amelioration can be important mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory potential of the components of Prunus cerasus . Prunus cerasus ’ components, separately or together, may significantly reduce inflammatory processes and pain thresholds in various tissues [ 114 , 115 ].…”