“…Predominantly, language tests are used for entry into university programs, for deciding on a profession, government jobs or private sector jobs such as for lawyers, health care professionals, marketing agencies, communication officers, banking institutions as well as to satisfy immigration requirements for some countries (Cummins, 2000;Goundar, 2023b;McNamara, 1998;Shohamy, 2001Shohamy, , 2009. Language testing has emerged due to increase in worldwide migration (Bodis, 2023;Goundar, 2023b), and the consequent demand on immigration policies to require a prospective migrant to demonstrate proficiency in the language of the destination country before their entry into the country is approved (Shohamy & McNamara, 2009, p. 1). Proficiency in the English language plays a crucial role in Fijian society as it is essential for everyday living, academic performance, university entrance, employment opportunities and commerce (Goundar, 2019a;Hopf et al, 2019), among others.…”