Gating of an organic transistor through a bilayer lipid membrane with ion channels

Bernards, Daniel A.; Malliaras, George G.; Toombes, Gilman E. S.; Grüner, Sol M.

doi:10.1063/1.2266250

Cited by 112 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…[1][2] One example is organic electronic ion pumps, 15 which are able to precisely control the flow of ions between two reservoirs, and have been used to pump neurotransmitters and stimulate cochlear cells in the inner ear of a guinea pig. [3][4][5] Another example is organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) that are being developed for a variety of biosensing 20 applications, including the detection of ions, [6][7][8] metabolites (such as glucose 9 and lactate 10 ) and antibodies. 11 Originally developed by Wrighton in the 80's, 12 OECTs consist of a conducting polymer film (channel of the transistor) in contact with an electrolyte.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing

et al. 2010

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We report an enzymatic sensor based on an organic electrochemical transistor that uses a room temperature ionic liquid as an integral part of its structure and as an immobilization medium for the enzyme and the mediator. 10 Although conducting polymer electrodes have been used in biosensing and actuation for decades, recent developments in the field of organic electronics have made available a variety of devices that bring unique capabilities at the interface with biology. 1-2 One example is organic electronic ion pumps, 15 which are able to precisely control the flow of ions between two reservoirs, and have been used to pump neurotransmitters and stimulate cochlear cells in the inner ear of a guinea pig. [3][4][5] Another example is organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) that are being developed for a variety of biosensing 20 applications, including the detection of ions, 6-8 metabolites (such as glucose 9 and lactate 10 ) and antibodies. 11 Originally developed by Wrighton in the 80's, 12 OECTs consist of a conducting polymer film (channel of the transistor) in contact with an electrolyte. A gate electrode is 25 immersed in the electrolyte, while source and drain electrodes make contact to the channel and allow a measurement of its conductance. 13 A polymer that is commonly used in OECTs is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). In a typical experiment, a positive 30 potential is applied at the gate electrode, which causes cations from the electrolyte to enter the PEDOT:PSS film and dedope it, causing a decrease in its conductance. This manifests itself as a change in the current that flows between the source and drain electrodes. 13 35 OECTs exhibit a typical feature associated with transistors, namely a small current at the gate electrode can cause a large change in the current that flows in the channel, and as such it has been used to amplify biological signals. The gate electrode, for example, can be used as a "working electrode", 40 and the current that flows in it as a result of a redox reaction can be amplified by the OECT. This amplification manifests itself by the fact that the sensor's sensitivity increases with gate voltage, 14 and leads to devices that require very simple electronics for signal readout. Zhu et al. took advantage of 45 this fact to demonstrate a simple sensor for glucose in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). 9 The sensor consisted of a PEDOT:PSS OECT with a Pt gate electrode and with the redox enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) dissolved in the electrolyte (PBS). This work was extended to demonstrate 50 sensors that work down to the micromolar concentration range, 14 can be made entirely out of polymers by using an appropriate mediator, 15 and operate with other redox enzymes, allowing the development of multianalyte sensors. 10 In In this communication, we report an enzymatic sensor based on an OECT that uses a RTIL as an integral part of its structure. The strategy we follow involves patterning the 75 RTIL over the active area of ...

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Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing

et al. 2010

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“…Among organic transistor devices, interesting are the electrochemically gated OFET [7] which are capable to operate in water in the sub-volt regime. The gating is achieved in water by means of ion channels embedded into a lipid bilayer membrane interfaced to the organic semiconductor (OS) [8]. The application of a proper gate bias can trigger the opening of the ion-channels, thus allowing cations to migrate into the p-type OS and contributing to enhance the source-drain current whose amplification is therefore largely not capacitively driven [7].…”

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Phospholipid film in electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors

Cotrone

Ambrico

Toss

et al. 2012

Organic Electronics

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A totally innovative electrolyte-gated field effect transistor, embedding a phospholipid film at the interface between the organic semiconductor and the gating solution, is described. The electronic properties of OFETs including a phospholipid film are studied in both pure water and in an electrolyte solution and compared to those of an OFET with the organic semiconductor directly in contact with the gating solution. In addition, to investigate the role of the lipid layers in the charge polarization process and quantify the field-effect mobility, impedance spectroscopy was employed. The results indicate that the integration of the biological film minimizes the penetration of ions into the organic semiconductor thus leading to a capacitive operational mode as opposed to an electrochemical one. The OFETs operate at low voltages with a field-effect mobility in the 10 -3 cm 2 V -1 s -1 range and an on/off current ratio of 10 3 . This achievement opens perspectives to the development of FET biosensors potentially capable to operate in direct contact with physiological fluids.2

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“…This is critical since a prolonged, excessive voltage bias across a tissue layer can be detrimental, causing rupture of membrane and cell death. 1,30 The main advantage over traditional impedance methods is the ability to collect high quality low frequency data. The move towards more complex tissue models in vitro, such as multi-layer skin models or organotypic models with inherent high resistance due to the multiple cell layers/types, will require low frequency impedance data to properly characterize the effects of environment and chemical compounds on tissues in vitro.…”

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Organic electrochemical transistors for cell-based impedance sensing

Rivnay

Ramuz

Leleux

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

113

156

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Electrical impedance sensing of biological systems, especially cultured epithelial cell layers, is now a common technique to monitor cell motion, morphology, and cell layer/tissue integrity for high throughput toxicology screening. Existing methods to measure electrical impedance most often rely on a two electrode configuration, where low frequency signals are challenging to obtain for small devices and for tissues with high resistance, due to low current. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are conducting polymer-based devices, which have been shown to efficiently transduce and amplify low-level ionic fluxes in biological systems into electronic output signals. In this work, we combine OECT-based drain current measurements with simultaneous measurement of more traditional impedance sensing using the gate current to produce complex impedance traces, which show low error at both low and high frequencies. We apply this technique in vitro to a model epithelial tissue layer and show that the data can be fit to an equivalent circuit model yielding trans-epithelial resistance and cell layer capacitance values in agreement with literature. Importantly, the combined measurement allows for low biases across the cell layer, while still maintaining good broadband signal.

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Gating of an organic transistor through a bilayer lipid membrane with ion channels

Cited by 112 publications

References 28 publications

Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing

Electrochemical transistors with ionic liquids for enzymatic sensing

Phospholipid film in electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors

Organic electrochemical transistors for cell-based impedance sensing

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