GatorByte – An Internet of Things-Based Low-Cost, Compact, and Real-Time Water Resource Monitoring Buoy

Agade, Piyush; Bean, Eban Z.

doi:10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00427

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…These factors and many studies (e.g. Gasser et al, 2001;Austin & Atkinson, 2004;Cadena et al, 2018;Agade & Bean, 2023) suggest that oceanographic designs are over-engineered for measuring currents in small to medium-sized lakes, and thus needlessly expensive. Although drifters for smaller waterbodies have been described (Mullarney & Henderson, 2013;MacDonald & Mullarney, 2015;Fuentes-Pérez et al, 2022 Here, we demonstrate how a novel Lagrangian drifter design can provide reliable empirical insights to deep currents in freshwater inland lake settings.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Economical Open-Source Lagrangian Drifter Design to Measure Deep Currents in Lakes

McCaffrey,

Koeberle

2024

Preprint

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The objective was to construct and test an economical, accurate, and open-source Lagrangian drifter design suitable for lakes <200 km2. Lagrangian drifters are used to trace water currents in marine and freshwater settings and comprise of a low-friction surface float containing instrumentation for location and environmental measurement, tethered to a high-friction drogue at the depth of interest. Oceanic drifters are robust but expensive, and this design tailored to inland lake waterbodies fills a durability and cost gap for lake environments. Water-following characteristics were tested using theoretical drag coefficient calculations, practical drag measurements, and comparison of wind and drifter vectors while deployed on two deep inland lakes (maximum area 175 km2) in the Finger Lakes region of New York, USA. The ratio of drag between float and drogue met or exceeded the minimum value of 40 recommended in the literature, and the vectors of wind and drifter during deployment were independent of one another, meaning the device accurately traced the movement of water currents at depth without undue influence of wind and waves. Each device cost USD $265 in 2021 and was built from materials readily available at hardware and sporting goods stores, allowing their use by research institutions and communities with smaller budgets. This design reliably measured lake currents at sampling depths that ranged from to 30 m. We anticipate that this design will have application to a wide range of hydrodynamic and ecological research where empirical insights to physical processes like lake currents are sought by scientists and managers.

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Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Economical Open-Source Lagrangian Drifter Design to Measure Deep Currents in Lakes

McCaffrey,

Koeberle

2024

Preprint

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“…This can be seen in the many scientific publications that make use of this technology [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. For example, they are used in agriculture and livestock farming [14][15][16], to monitor the irrigation of crops [17], the respiration rate of fruits and vegetables [18], the emission of methane from animals [19,20], change of water level during tides [21], water analysis [22], urban heat islands [23], etc. Arduino-based data loggers are also used to monitor energy production (e.g., solar energy [24,25]) or consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability Testing of a Low-Cost, Multi-Purpose Arduino-Based Data Logger Deployed in Several Applications Such as Outdoor Air Quality, Human Activity, Motion, and Exhaust Gas Monitoring

Hernández-Rodríguez,

González-Rivero,

Schalm

et al. 2023

Sensors

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This contribution shows the possibilities of applying a low-cost, multi-purpose data logger built around an Arduino Mega 2560 single-board computer. Most projects use this kind of hardware to develop single-purpose data loggers. In this work, a data logger with a more general hardware and software architecture was built to perform measurement campaigns in very different domains. The wide applicability of this data logger was demonstrated with short-term monitoring campaigns in relation to outdoor air quality, human activity in an office, motion of a journey on a bike, and exhaust gas monitoring of a diesel generator. In addition, an assessment process and corresponding evaluation framework are proposed to assess the credibility of low-cost scientific devices built in-house. The experiences acquired during the development of the system and the short measurement campaigns were used as inputs in the assessment process. The assessment showed that the system scores positively on most product-related targets. However, unexpected events affect the assessment over the longer term. This makes the development of low-cost scientific devices harder than expected. To assure stability and long-term performance of this type of design, continuous evaluation and regular engineering corrections are needed throughout longer testing periods.

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An Economical Open‐Source Lagrangian Drifter Design to Measure Deep Currents in Lakes

McCaffrey,

Koeberle

2024

Water Resources Research

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The objective was to construct and test an economical, accurate, and open‐source Lagrangian drifter design suitable for lakes <200 km2. Lagrangian drifters are used to trace water currents in marine and freshwater settings and comprise of a low‐friction surface float containing instrumentation for location and environmental measurement, tethered to a high‐friction drogue at the depth of interest. Oceanic drifters are robust but expensive, and this design tailored to inland lake waterbodies fills a durability and cost gap for lake environments. Water‐following characteristics were tested using theoretical drag coefficient calculations, practical drag measurements, and comparison of wind and drifter vectors while deployed on two deep inland lakes (maximum area 175 km2) in the Finger Lakes region of New York, USA. The ratio of drag between float and drogue met or exceeded the minimum value of 40 recommended in the literature, and the vectors of wind and drifter during deployment were independent of one another, meaning the device accurately traced the movement of water currents at depth without undue influence of wind and waves. Each device cost USD $265 in 2021 and was built from materials readily available at hardware and sporting goods stores, allowing their use by research institutions and communities with smaller budgets. This design reliably measured lake currents at sampling depths that ranged from 2 to 30 m. We anticipate that this design will have application to a wide range of hydrodynamic and ecological research where empirical insights to physical processes like lake currents are sought by scientists and managers.

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GatorByte – An Internet of Things-Based Low-Cost, Compact, and Real-Time Water Resource Monitoring Buoy

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

An Economical Open-Source Lagrangian Drifter Design to Measure Deep Currents in Lakes

An Economical Open-Source Lagrangian Drifter Design to Measure Deep Currents in Lakes

Reliability Testing of a Low-Cost, Multi-Purpose Arduino-Based Data Logger Deployed in Several Applications Such as Outdoor Air Quality, Human Activity, Motion, and Exhaust Gas Monitoring

An Economical Open‐Source Lagrangian Drifter Design to Measure Deep Currents in Lakes

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