Gauge independence of the eikonal equation in Yang-Mills gravity

Experiments on Frequency Dependence of the Deflection of Light in Yang-Mills Gravity

“…In Yang-Mills gravity, the deflection angle of a light ray by the sun is found to be about 1.53 in the geometric-optics limit. [3,4] This deflection angle is roughly 12% smaller than the usual value 1.75 in general relativity. 1 The 1919 measurements made during a solar eclipse by Dyson, Eddington and Davidson [8] were very difficult and any repeat would be equally difficult.…”

“…It leads to the deflection angle of a light ray by the sun to be about 1.53 . [3,4] It is stressed that we have the effective Riemannian metric tensor G µν L and eikonal equation (8) only in this classical limit.…”

“…Such a theory can be quantized to obtain Feynman-Dyson rules for quantum Yang-Mills gravity and is consistent with known experiments. [1][2][3][4] A new interesting property is that the classical objects such as light rays and macroscopic objects move as if they were in an effective curved space-time. The reason is that their equations of motion are derived from the quantum wave equations in flat spacetime, which involves T 4 gauge covariant derivative ∆ µ = ∂ µ − igφ µν p ν where p µ = i∂ µ is the generator of the T 4 group, and φ µν is the symmetric tensor gauge field associated with space-time translational gauge symmetry.…”

“…The emergence of an effective metric tensor in the classical limit of quantum equation is a new and key property of the Yang-Mills gravity for its consistence with experiments. [3,4] Therefore, Yang-Mills gravity reveals that the apparent curvature e-mail: yhao@umassd.edu e-mail: yzhu3@umassd.edu e-mail: jhsu@umassd.edu…”