Gauge line effects and DP transmitter response to flow pulsation through orifice plate

A power law approach to orifice flow rate calibration

“…Reynolds averaging results in a closure problem, which can be resolved by using an additional term (artificial viscosity) similar to the diffusion terms in the Navier-Stokes equation. Various models are available in the literature that can be used for determining artificial viscosity; though the two-parameter k-ε model and its variation the k-ω model are the most commonly used equations to model artificial viscosity because of their ease of application and CPU resource effectiveness [5][6][7][8]. This work used the k-ε model.…”

“…Both used the k-ε turbulence model. Botros et al [7] performed simulations to test the gauge line effects, using two models: lumped parameter and plane wave. Zeden and Teyssandier [8] explored the effect of errors in pressure tap locations.…”

“…(d) Convergence and divergence within the region of the orifice provide momentum terms that change the static pressure. (e) Energy losses due to turbulence within the assembly, which depend on flow rate, affect P. Many other nonideal aspects have been acknowledged [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The international standard for orifice flow rate measurement [14] uses the square root functionality represented in Eq.…”