The
need to develop virtual reality learning environments (VRLEs)
grounded in theory motivated this work that in turn provides guidelines
to support chemistry VRLEs with evidence-based practices and frameworks.
Herein, we describe nine frameworks that turned out to be critical
for the design of a chemistry focused VRLE, paying special attention
to the frameworks’ interconnectivity. Different framework components
were crucial in different aspects of the content design, technology
design, and content–technology integration, and throughout
this article, we illustrate the application of each framework. As
the main objective was to build a resource to support visual-spatial
attributes, a shape recognition framework was developed to facilitate
students’ abilities to recognize 3D characteristics from 2D
representations inherent in VRLEs. The interconnected frameworks’
components complement and reinforce each other, creating a synergistic
effect to support visuospatial thinking and representational competence
in a VRLE. This process helped shape a set of recommendations aimed
to guide other developers to produce pedagogically sound VRLEs.