“…In fact, (non-stochastic) function approximation has been shown to improve evolutionary algorithms, as the surrogate can be used to evaluate additional candidate solutions within a local neighborhood, while keeping the number of function calls to f unchanged (Regis, 2014a). Examples are surrogate-assisted variants of Gaussian PSO (e. g. Krohling, 2004;Melo & Watada, 2016;Varma et al, 2013;Barman et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2013;Gao et al, 2020), Bayesian PSO (e. g. Zhang et al, 2015;Chen & Yu, 2017;Kang et al, 2018), and modified PSO (e. g. Tian & Shi, 2018;Liu et al, 2015). However, surrogate-assisted algorithms are primarily used to speed up runtime (due to fewer evaluations f ) but with similar convergence characteristics.…”