Gaze and tourist-host relationship – state of the art

Lin, Bingna; Fu, Xiaoxiao

doi:10.1108/tr-11-2019-0459

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The keywords of “Chinese tourist visual experience” and “Chinese tourist perception (of destination/nature/landscape/culture/people/food and so forth)” was developed accordingly to prevent any missed data. The researchers have excluded those samples in the selection process which either probe a “reverse gaze” or “liminal gaze” – that is, Chinese hosts’ gaze upon the guests (Lin and Fu, 2020) – or use the term “gaze” casually and interchangeable with something else (e.g. gift-purchasing) (Moufakkir, 2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chineseness and behavioural complexity: rethinking Chinese tourist gaze studies

Tucker

Bao

2021

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Purpose This study aims to reconsider Chinese tourist gaze studies, examining the extent to which extant studies and theoretical models relating to the Chinese tourist gaze have overcome the Eurocentric limits of John Urry’s concept of the tourist gaze and elaborated the complexity of Chinese tourists’ gazes and visual practices. Design/methodology/approach Content analysis is carried out, examining research articles, books, book chapters and PhD and MSc theses collected from multiple English and Chinese databases. Findings The research results manifest that, overall, the previous studies, mobilise cultural essentialism, with an overestimation of the “Chineseness” of Chinese tourists’ behavioural patterns, which are widely believed to be framed by, but also constituting of, unique Chinese culture. Overdependence on Chinese cultural values and traditional philosophies as sources for rationale has resulted in a handful of theoretical frameworks, which appear to be of insufficient magnitude both in terms of their contribution to the original tourist gaze model and in their manifesting of the complexity of Chinese tourists’ visual behaviour. Indeed the divide that once deliberately set apart West and East, or more precisely Western and Chinese tourist gazes, seems to become accentuated in most attempts to study and write about Chinese tourist gaze(s). The previous studies thus largely serve to mirror the Eurocentrism of Urry’s gaze, rather than challenging it. Research limitations/implications This study has a few limitations, especially, as this study only reviews and analyses the studies of the Chinese tourist gaze. It means that the conclusion might not well be generalised to either the investigation of the tourist gaze in another culture or the Chinese tourist studies, at large, which might exhibit a different pattern deserving more academic attention in future. Moreover, the authors recommend the future researchers, who are eager to probe Chinese tourists’ behavioural pattern, to seek for new pathways and alternative paradigms, which would be useful in overcoming the limits of cultural representations and in reducing the problematic Sino-Western divide. Originality/value Despite not aiming to reconceptualise the Chinese tourist gaze, this review paper contributes to the field of tourist gaze studies by engaging critically with the bias and theoretical insufficiencies that have emerged, while this concept is appropriated and re-formulated to explain Chinese tourists’ gazes and visual practices. On this basis, the authors suggest a critical redirection of the extant Chinese tourist gaze studies, which would be rather significant to those researchers in future with an interest to research what the Chinese tourists prefer to see in travel and how they engage with the gazee.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chineseness and behavioural complexity: rethinking Chinese tourist gaze studies

Tucker

Bao

2021

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“…Debates have also assessed whether the tourist gaze can be thought of as positive, negative or mixed that shoulders on both subjects and the object of the gaze (Chan, 2006;Edensor, 2001;Maoz, 2006;Moufakkir, 2011). Lin and Fu (2020) systematically analyzed 34 literature papers directly associated with gaze with the focus of gaze and tourist-host relationship. The analysis has identified both the subjective and objective nature of the gaze and they recommend more comprehensive and systematic investigations of the gaze.…”

Section: Introduction and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Out of multi-faced gazes, the gaze literature is dominated by host-guest encounters. In their study, Lin and Fu (2020) introduced a theoretical framework that elaborated on the gaze notion along with the host-guest relationship. Accordingly, three fractions of gaze research have been identified: the gaze of the tourists, the gaze of the hosts and gaze constructed during tourist-host interactions.…”

Section: Fragmented Conceptions In Gazementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Content analysis was performed by Thompson et al (2016) and Yang et al (2017) on their gaze studies. In their state of the art paper, Lin and Fu (2020) also used the content analysis method to review a sizable number of previous studies on gaze. However, it is doubtful whether the use of thematic and content analysis could enlighten the gaze notion considering complex socio-cultural drivers associated with the gaze.…”

Section: Moufakkir (2013) E-mediated Gazementioning

confidence: 99%

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Tourist gaze and beyond: state of the art

Samarathunga

2020

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Purpose The tourist gaze remains a key concept in tourism research. The purpose of this paper is to comprehend the theoretical and empirical development of the tourist gaze notion and its contributions to tourism knowledge, identifying potential research directions by reviewing and analyzing articles that have defined, refined and applied the concept of the tourist gaze. Design/methodology/approach The study identified 109 relevant research papers primarily through the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Google Scholar, ResearchGate.net and Academia.edu were used to capturing additional work not indexed in the key databases. Qualitative content analysis was used to map the evolution of the concept, distinguish between different perspectives and identify gaps in the tourist gaze literature. Findings This “state of the art” paper on tourist gaze outlines Foucault’s original work on gaze and power, which underpins subsequent theorization within tourism. The study identifies how the tourist gaze operates in different contexts and circumstances allowing the development of gaze theory. Importantly, the evolution of the gaze theory is presented after analyzing the knowledge gaps, the contexts in which it was used, the methodologies with which it was applied. Based on the findings, the study proposes future works of gaze with the use of technology, science, nature and social media. Originality/value This paper is among one of the first states of the art papers in tourism literature that comprehensively analyzes the works on the tourist gaze, tracing its evolution and identifying future research directions to address gaps in existing knowledge.

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“…Studies have shown that race, class, and gender have significantly impacts on travel perceptions and experiences (Brown and Osman, 2017). Different cultural convention shape tourists’ gazes (Lin and Fu, 2020; Leri and Theodoridis, 2020; Rojek and Urry, 2002; Stylidis, 2020), which are also influenced by their geographical backgrounds. As the factors influencing tourist perceptions are diverse and elusive, these theorizations about tourists’ gazes require further exploration and elucidation.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourists’ perceptions of urban space: a computer vision approach

Zhang

et al. 2021

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Purpose This study aims to conduct an empirical investigation of differing perceptions of nine types of urban space and nine visual elements among tourists in destination using a computer vision (CV) approach. Design/methodology/approach The data for this study was extracted from YFCC 100 M dataset. Nine types of urban space in Beijing were initially identified using a scene recognition model. Subsequently, a semantic segmentation model was applied, which yielded substantial evidence relating to nine visual elements that were used to elicit differing perceptions among tourists from different continents. Findings Tourists from three continents had different perceptions about corridors, old buildings, overlooks and traffic spaces, reflecting their cultural convention. Asians, Europeans and North Americans diversely gazed at the landscape element of buildings, foliage, sky and people in urban space. All those provided evidence to contribute to the tourist gaze theory's construction. Originality/value This study firstly depicted how tourists perceive the tourism symbol of urban space. The novel approach of employing two CV models offer methodological insights to tourism research relevant to visual perception.

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Gaze and tourist-host relationship – state of the art

Cited by 24 publications

References 52 publications

Chineseness and behavioural complexity: rethinking Chinese tourist gaze studies

Chineseness and behavioural complexity: rethinking Chinese tourist gaze studies

Tourist gaze and beyond: state of the art

Tourists’ perceptions of urban space: a computer vision approach

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