Gaze‐based rehearsal in children under 7: a developmental investigation of eye movements during a serial spatial memory task

Morey, Candice C.; Mareva, Silvana; Lelonkiewicz, Jarosław Roman; Chevalier, Nicolas

doi:10.1111/desc.12559

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Future research could explore the mechanisms via which children offload cognitive processes onto the environment in this type of task. For example, eye‐tracking could be used to explore visual search times (e.g., Deubel & Schneider, ) and the extent to which children fixate on the appropriate target colors during encoding and maintenance (e.g., Morey, Mareva, Lelonkiewicz, & Chevalier, ). Indeed, further research investigating whether children with high versus low working ability engage differently in visual search strategies might also help us to understand why children with better working memory ability did not benefit from the ordered arrangement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Offloading: Structuring the Environment to Improve Children's Working Memory Task Performance

et al. 2019

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Research has shown that adults can engage in cognitive offloading, whereby internal processes are offloaded onto the environment to help task performance. Here, we investigate an application of this approach with children, in particular children with poor working memory. Participants were required to remember and recall sequences of colors by placing colored blocks in the correct serial order. In one condition the blocks were arranged to facilitate cognitive offloading (i.e., grouped by color), whereas in the other condition they were arranged randomly. Across two experiments (total N = 166) the ordered condition improved task performance for children with low working memory ability. In addition, participants in Experiment 2 rated the difficulty of the two arrangements and performed a further condition in which they were given an opportunity to freely arrange the blocks before completing the task. Despite performing better in the ordered condition, children with low working memory ability did not rate the ordered arrangement as easier, nor did they choose an ordered arrangement when given the opportunity to do so. This research shows that cognitive offloading can also be a useful process in populations other than typical adults, and the implications of this work for supporting children with poor working memory are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Offloading: Structuring the Environment to Improve Children's Working Memory Task Performance

et al. 2019

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“…Perhaps children begin to implement proactive control around 7 years of age. In a memory task, proactivity presents as any behavior that reflects attempts to keep the memoranda in mind before prompted to recall, including applying verbal rehearsal. Under this model, children under age 7 do not verbally recode or rehearse, but this need not imply that they are not capable of doing so or that they lack the cognitive resources to do so.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of verbal and spatial memory load on children's processing speed

Morey

Hadley

Buttelmann

et al. 2018

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Examining the impact of maintenance on processing speed allows us to test whether storage and processing resources are shared. Comparing these relationships in children of different ages allows further insight into whether one or multiple resources for these operations must be assumed and whether remembering is proactive throughout childhood. We tested 185 4- to 6- and 8- to 10-year-old children using adaptive complex span tasks, in which simple judgments were interleaved between to-be-remembered items. The adaptiveness of our tasks ensured that all participants frequently correctly recalled the items. If storage and processing require a single resource, and if participants serially reactivate the memoranda between processing episodes, processing response times should increase with serial position of the processing judgment within lists. We observed different within-list dynamics for each age group. Older children's processing judgments slowed gradually when more than two memory items were maintained. By contrast, younger children showed no evidence of slower processing with increasing memory load. Our results support models of working memory that assume that some common resource is responsible for verbal and spatial storage and processing. They also support the notion that remembering becomes more proactive as children mature.

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“…Furthermore, some studies have landed support to the assumption that this time-based forgetting can be counteracted by a visuospatial rehearsal process (Awh, Anllo-Vento, & Hillyard, 2000;Awh & Jonides, 2001;Awh, Vogel, & Oh, 2006;Baddeley, 1986;Godijn & Theeuwes, 2012;Guérard, Tremblay, & Saint-Aubin, 2009; C. C. Morey, Mareva, Lelonkiewicz, & Chevalier, 2017;Theeuwes, Belopolsky, & Olivers, 2009;Tremblay, Saint-Aubin, & Jalbert, 2006). For example, Lilienthal and colleagues (Lilienthal, Hale, & Myerson, 2014, 2016 asked participants to retain in WM the locations of a sequence of red dots that appeared within an irregular (trial-unique) grid of dot locations.…”

Section: Gaze-based and Attention-based Rehearsal In Spatial Working mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze-based and attention-based rehearsal in spatial working memory.

Souza¹,

Czoschke²,

Lange³

2020

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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How do we maintain information about spatial configurations in mind? Many working memory (WM) models assume that rehearsal processes are used to counteract forgetting in WM. Here, we investigated the contributions of gaze-based and attention-based rehearsal for protecting spatial representations from time-based forgetting. Participants memorized six locations selected from a grid of 30 scattered dots. Memory was tested after 1.5 or 4.5 s, and this interval was either blank or the grid remained onscreen (which is assumed to provide rehearsal support). In two experiments, we monitored eye movements during the retention phase, or asked participants to fixate the screen center. In three subsequent experiments, we tested spatial WM under dual-task conditions inhibiting shifts of visuospatial attention or central attention to the memoranda. Memory was better and more resistant to time-based forgetting in the grid than blank condition. Recording of fixations showed more frequent and efficient gaze-based rehearsal in the presence of the grid. Fixations towards distractor locations occurred at a similar frequency in the blank and grid conditions, and it did not predict incorrect recalls. Inhibition of eye-movements or shifts of visuospatial attention impaired memory overall, but it did not change the grid benefit nor the rate of time-based forgetting. In contrast, distracting central attention increased time-based forgetting regardless of grid presence. These results indicate that (a) the grid benefit is only partially explained by rehearsal; (b) gaze-errors (i.e., distractor fixations) do not lead to more forgetting; and (c) the maintenance of spatial representations over time depends on central processing.

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Gaze‐based rehearsal in children under 7: a developmental investigation of eye movements during a serial spatial memory task

Cited by 27 publications

References 40 publications

Cognitive Offloading: Structuring the Environment to Improve Children's Working Memory Task Performance

Cognitive Offloading: Structuring the Environment to Improve Children's Working Memory Task Performance

The effects of verbal and spatial memory load on children's processing speed

Gaze-based and attention-based rehearsal in spatial working memory.

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