Gaze-Contingent Music Reward Therapy for Clinically Anxious 7- to 10-Year-Olds: An Open Multiple Baseline Feasibility Study

Linetzky, Marian; Kahn, Michal; Lazarov, Amit; Pine, Daniel S.; Bar‐Haim, Yair

doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1573685

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Notwithstanding these limitations there are some clinical implications of these findings. Based on relatively robust findings from anxious adults of an association with attention bias for threat 5 , attention bias modification (ABM) tasks have been used as anxietyreducing interventions in adults 60,61 and young people 62 , mainly using the dot-probe task but also eye-tracking tasks 63,64 . These paradigms train attention away from threat mostly towards non-threatening stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Eye-Tracking of Attention to Threat in Child and Adolescent Anxiety

Lisk

Vaswani

Linetzky

et al. 2020

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Eye-Tracking of Attention to Threat in Child and Adolescent Anxiety

Lisk

Vaswani

Linetzky

et al. 2020

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

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“…Then, the overall proportion dwell time to threat stimuli was determined by averaging the proportion of time spent looking at threatening stimuli for each matrix across all 30 trials according to methods used in Linetzky et al (2019). The same calculations were repeated to obtain the overall proportion dwell time to neutral stimuli (i.e., raw scores of dwell time).…”

Section: Eye Tracking Task and Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric properties of threat‐related attentional bias in young children using eye‐tracking

Chong

Meyer

2020

Developmental Psychobiology

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Anxiety is one of the most common forms of child psychopathology associated with persistent impairment across the lifespan. Therefore, investigating mechanisms that underlie anxiety in early childhood may improve prevention and intervention efforts.Researchers have linked selective attention toward threat (i.e., attentional bias to threat) with the development of anxiety. However, previous work on attentional bias has used less reliable, reaction time (RT)-based measures of attention. Additionally, few studies have used eye-tracking to measure attentional bias in young children. In the present study, we investigated the psychometric properties of an eye-tracking measure of attentional bias in a sample of young children between 6-and 9-years-old and explored if trait and clinical anxiety were related to attentional biases to threat.Results showed good psychometric properties for threat and neutral attentional biases, comparable to those found in adult eye-tracking studies. Temperamental and clinical anxiety did not significantly relate to threat/neutral dwell time and attentional biases. The significance of these null findings was discussed in relation to existing developmental theories of attentional biases. Future studies should explore if temperamental or clinical anxiety prospectively predict threat attentional bias and the onset of anxiety in older children using a longitudinal design. K E Y W O R D Sanxiety, attentional bias, development, eye-tracking, psychometrics 2 | CHONG aNd MEYER anxiety disorders. It has been suggested that attentional bias toward threat may act as a moderator between fearful temperament and later anxiety and social withdrawal (Morales et al., 2015;Pérez-Edgar et al., 2010;White et al., 2017). Furthermore, reviews by Van Bockstaele et al. (2014) and Morales et al. (2016) have suggested that there may be bidirectional relationships between threat-related attentional bias and anxiety, such that threat-biased attention and anxiety may amplify each other. Indeed, despite strong evidence of a relationship between anxiety and attention, the exact mechanism(s) whereby attention to threat may lead to anxiety (or vice versa) remain unclear (Burris et al., 2019).Recent meta-analyses supported the general finding that anxiety is associated with selective attention toward threatening stimuli in both adults and children, d = 0.21 to 0.45 (Bar-Haim et al., 2007;Dudeney et al., 2015;Lisk et al., 2020). However, there are some mixed findings in the developmental literature: some studies have shown that children with anxiety are more vigilant toward threat

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“…Indeed, in the current study, change in bias toward novel sad faces was correlated with self‐reported depression severity, suggesting that individuals who better generalized the learning contingency also manifested greater far‐transfer therapeutic effect. Previous GC‐MRT studies in anxiety patients did show group differences in near‐transfer effects and in symptom reduction (Lazarov et al, 2017; Linetzky et al, 2019). In contrast, the depressed patients in the current study showed no generalization of learning to untrained faces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In GC‐MRT, patients view matrices of negative and neutral faces while listening to music of their choice, which is played only when patients’ gaze is fixated on neutral faces. GC‐MRT reduces attention bias and social anxiety (Lazarov, Pine, & Bar‐Haim, 2017; Linetzky, Kahn, Lazarov, Pine, & Bar‐Haim, 2019). Because depressed patients dwell longer on sad faces and lack a positive bias toward happy faces (Lazarov et al, 2018), we applied a modified GC‐MRT to patients with MDD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A randomized controlled trial of gaze‐contingent music reward therapy for major depressive disorder

Shamai-Leshem

Lazarov

Pine

et al. 2020

Depression and Anxiety

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Background Heightened attention allocation toward negative‐valanced information and reduced attention allocation toward positive‐valanced information represent viable targets for attention bias modification in major depressive disorder. Accordingly, we conducted a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a novel gaze‐contingent attention bias modification procedure for major depressive disorder. Method Sixty patients with major depressive disorder were randomly assigned to either eight training sessions of feedback‐based gaze‐contingent music reward therapy designed to divert patients’ gaze toward positive over sad stimuli, or to a control condition which entailed eight sessions of gaze‐noncontingent music. Clinician‐rated and self‐reported measures of depression, and proportion of dwell‐time on sad faces, were assessed pretreatment, posttreatment, and at a 3‐month follow‐up. Results Gaze‐contingent music reward therapy produced a greater reduction in dwell‐time on sad faces compared with the control condition, but it failed to generalize to novel faces. Both groups manifested similarly significant reductions in depression symptoms from pre‐ to posttreatment that were maintained at follow‐up. Exploratory analyses suggest that first‐episode patients may benefit more from this therapy than patients with a history of multiple episodes. Conclusions Gaze‐contingent music reward therapy can modify attention biases in depression, but clear differential clinical effects did not emerge. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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Gaze-Contingent Music Reward Therapy for Clinically Anxious 7- to 10-Year-Olds: An Open Multiple Baseline Feasibility Study

Cited by 14 publications

References 39 publications

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Eye-Tracking of Attention to Threat in Child and Adolescent Anxiety

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Eye-Tracking of Attention to Threat in Child and Adolescent Anxiety

Psychometric properties of threat‐related attentional bias in young children using eye‐tracking

A randomized controlled trial of gaze‐contingent music reward therapy for major depressive disorder

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