GB virus C: the good boy virus?

Bhattarai, Nirjal; Stapleton, Jack T.

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.004

Cited by 138 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, HPgV infection is considered non-pathogenic, although prevalence can exceed 40% in populations at high risk for exposure to blood-borne agents [2,3]. While controversial, several groups have also reported that co-infection of HPgV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can delay progression to AIDS, presumably by decreasing HIV replication or perturbing the host immune response [3][4][5]. More recently, co-infection with HPgV in patients with Ebola virus disease has been reported to be associated with improved survival [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of a Novel Human Pegivirus in Blood Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection

Berg¹,

Lee²,

Coller³

et al. 2016

Journal of Hepatology

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human pegivirus (HPgV), formerly GBV-C, are the only known human viruses in the Hepacivirus and Pegivirus genera, respectively, of the family Flaviviridae. We present the discovery of a second pegivirus, provisionally designated human pegivirus 2 (HPgV-2), by next-generation sequencing of plasma from an HCV-infected patient with multiple bloodborne exposures who died from sepsis of unknown etiology. HPgV-2 is highly divergent, situated on a deep phylogenetic branch in a clade that includes rodent and bat pegiviruses, with which it shares <32% amino acid identity. Molecular and serological tools were developed and validated for high-throughput screening of plasma samples, and a panel of 3 independent serological markers strongly correlated antibody responses with viral RNA positivity (99.9% negative predictive value). Discovery of 11 additional RNA-positive samples from a total of 2440 screened (0.45%) revealed 93-94% nucleotide identity between HPgV-2 strains. All 12 HPgV-2 RNA-positive cases were identified in individuals also testing positive for HCV RNA (12 of 983; 1.22%), including 2 samples co-infected with HIV, but HPgV-2 RNA was not detected in non-HCV-infected individuals (p<0.0001), including those singly infected by HIV (p = 0.0075) or HBV (p = 0.0077), nor in volunteer blood donors (p = 0.0082). Nine of the 12 (75%) HPgV-2 RNA positive samples were reactive for antibodies to viral serologic markers, whereas only 28 of 2,429 (1.15%) HPgV-2 RNA negative samples were seropositive. Longitudinal sampling in two individuals revealed that active HPgV-2 infection can persist in blood for at least 7 weeks, despite the presence of virus-specific antibodies. One individual harboring both HPgV-2 and HCV RNA was found to be seronegative for both viruses, suggesting a high likelihood of simultaneous acquisition of HCV and HPgV-2 infection from an acute co-transmission event. Taken together, our PLOS Pathogens |

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of a Novel Human Pegivirus in Blood Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection

Berg¹,

Lee²,

Coller³

et al. 2016

Journal of Hepatology

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“…However, HIV-positive patients who also have GBV-C show slower disease progression. Several effects of GBV-C on HIV have been shown in clinical studies and in vitro, including downregulation of cell receptors for HIV entry, reduced replication of HIV, effects on interferon synthesis, and interactions with interleukin pathways (21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Move Over, Bacteria! Viruses Make Their Mark as Mutualistic Microbial Symbionts

Roossinck

2015

J Virol

106

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Viruses are being redefined as more than just pathogens. They are also critical symbiotic partners in the health of their hosts. In some cases, viruses have fused with their hosts in symbiogenetic relationships. Mutualistic interactions are found in plant, insect, and mammalian viruses, as well as with eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes, and some interactions involve multiple players of the holobiont. With increased virus discovery, more mutualistic interactions are being described and more will undoubtedly be discovered.

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“…However, the impact of simian pegivirus infection on SIV pathogenesis in African monkeys has never been assessed, as pegiviruses in African monkeys have been described only recently. Given that HPgV infection attenuates HIV pathogenesis and improves mortality in HIV-infected humans (17)(18)(19)55), we examined the impact of SPgV ver coinfec- tion on cytokines influenced by SIV ver using a multivariate linear model. We did not find a significant difference in cytokine concentrations in SIV ver /SPgV ver -coinfected monkeys compared to SIV ver -monoinfected monkeys, nor did we find a difference in SIV loads between SPgV ver -positive and SPgV vernegative AGMs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We consistently detected viruses from three genera: lentiviruses (i.e., SIV, Retroviridae family), pegiviruses (i.e., simian pegivirus [SPgV], Flaviviridae family), and simian arteriviruses (i.e., viruses distantly related to simian hemorrhagic fever virus [SHFV], Arteriviridae family). Viruses from these genera are relevant to NHP and human health: human pegivirus (HPgV) is associated with a reduction in pathological immune activation and mortality in HIV-infected people (17)(18)(19), while simian arteriviruses are prototypical preemergent zoonotic pathogens that have caused numerous outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in captive Asianorigin macaque monkeys (20,21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Arteriviruses, Pegiviruses, and Lentiviruses Are Common among Wild African Monkeys

Bailey

Lauck

Ghai

et al. 2016

J Virol

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Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are a historically important source of zoonotic viruses and are a gold-standard model for research on many human pathogens. However, with the exception of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (family Retroviridae), the blood-borne viruses harbored by these animals in the wild remain incompletely characterized. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of two novel simian pegiviruses (family Flaviviridae) and two novel simian arteriviruses (family Arteriviridae) in wild African green monkeys from Zambia (malbroucks [Chlorocebus cynosuros]) and South Africa (vervet monkeys [Chlorocebus pygerythrus]). We examine several aspects of infection, including viral load, genetic diversity, evolution, and geographic distribution, as well as host factors such as age, sex, and plasma cytokines. In combination with previous efforts to characterize blood-borne RNA viruses in wild primates across sub-Saharan Africa, these discoveries demonstrate that in addition to SIV, simian pegiviruses and simian arteriviruses are widespread and prevalent among many African cercopithecoid (i.e., Old World) monkeys. IMPORTANCEPrimates are an important source of viruses that infect humans and serve as an important laboratory model of human virus infection. Here, we discover two new viruses in African green monkeys from Zambia and South Africa. In combination with previous virus discovery efforts, this finding suggests that these virus types are widespread among African monkeys. Our analysis suggests that one of these virus types, the simian arteriviruses, may have the potential to jump between different primate species and cause disease. In contrast, the other virus type, the pegiviruses, are thought to reduce the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans. However, we did not observe a similar protective effect in SIV-infected African monkeys coinfected with pegiviruses, possibly because SIV causes little to no disease in these hosts.

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GB virus C: the good boy virus?

Cited by 138 publications

References 75 publications

Discovery of a Novel Human Pegivirus in Blood Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection

Discovery of a Novel Human Pegivirus in Blood Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection

Move Over, Bacteria! Viruses Make Their Mark as Mutualistic Microbial Symbionts

Arteriviruses, Pegiviruses, and Lentiviruses Are Common among Wild African Monkeys

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