GC-MS Analysis, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract of Senna singueana (Delile) Grown in Kenya

Abstract

Bacterial diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. During bacterial diseases, an elevation of host immune response occurs, which involves the production of free radicals in response to the bacterial infection. The overproduction of free radicals in excess of the antioxidants leads to oxidative stress. Conventional antibiotics are linked to side effects such as hypersensitivity reactions in addition to bacterial pathogens developing resistance against them. Artificial antioxidants are said to be carcinogenic. This study sought to confirm folklore use and validate the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of Senna singueana which has been widely used in the Mbeere community. The in vitro antibacterial potentials of the plant extract were investigated on Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhi ATCC 1408, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Ciprofloxacin (100 µg/ml) drug was used as a standard reference, whereas 5% DMSO was used as a negative reference. The antibacterial tests included disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. S. singueana ethyl acetate extract showed broad-spectrum potential against tested bacterial microbes producing mean zones of inhibition (MZI) from 07.67 ± 0.33 to 17.67 ± 0.33 mm. The extract demonstrated a greater effect on Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Antibacterial properties of ciprofloxacin were significantly greater in comparison to plant extract in all the dilutions ( p < 0.05 ), while 5% DMSO was inactive against all the tested bacteria. MBC values were greater than MIC values. Antioxidant properties of the extract were determined through scavenging effects of DPPH and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) as well as ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay. S. singueana demonstrated effects against all radicals formed. Additionally, the extract exhibited ferric reducing abilities. The extract also contained various phytocompounds with known antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study recommends the therapeutic use of S. singueana as an antibacterial as well as an antioxidant agent.

Quantitative Phytochemical Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Xerophyta spekei (Baker) and Grewia tembensis (Fresen)

“…This trend is consistent with our previous study that found dose dependant antioxidant properties of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Senna singueana . 36 Our current findings are also in agreement with other previous research that found dose-dependent antioxidant potentials in the extracts studied. 37 , 38 …”

“…This trend is consistent with our previous study that found dose dependant antioxidant properties of ethyl acetate leaf extract of Senna singueana. 36 Our current findings are also in agreement with other previous research that found dose-dependent antioxidant potentials in the extracts studied. 37,38 The reference, Ascorbic acid, exhibited a higher dose dependant DPPH radical scavenging potential in the current study, as compared to the studied plant extracts.…”

Antibacterial <span aria-describedby="tippy-18">Activity of Cyphostemma junceum and Senna singueana Extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

“…However, distilled water extracts were found to be inconclusive. Higher zones of inhibition (26.33±0.33) were reported by [22], which disagrees with the current study. The variation in the results of the current study may result from the different plant leaf ages, solvent amounts, and concentrations.…”

“…Ethanol and aqueous extracts had a substantial inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, and this was identical to the ethanol leaf extracts of the current study [19]. At extract doses ranging from 25.00 mg/ml to 100.00 mg/ml, S. singueana extract showed a stronger potential action against tested gram-positive (+ve) S. aureus, recording greater than 12 mm of mean zones of inhibition [22]. However, distilled water extracts were found to be inconclusive.…”

Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from Ccyphostemma adenocaule and Ziziphus spinachristi

“…Geranyl acetone (14.0%), methyl palmitate (10.0%), farnesyl acetone (9.9%), methyl stearate (9.9%), cetyl alcohol (9.7%) and ethyl stearate (8.0%) were the major constituents identified in the report [29]. As a result of the adverse problems of the conventional antioxidant and antibacterial drugs, the increased pathogenic resistance and the high cost of drugs, efforts are always active to get alternative sources of medicine from plants which are health friendly and with few side effects [30]. In Ethiopia, the two plant species possess numerous traditional applications in both folk and livestock medicines and thus further investigations are desirable.…”