GC–MS analysis of e-cigarette refill solutions: A comparison of flavoring composition between flavor categories

Krüsemann, Erna J Z; Pennings, Jeroen L. A.; Cremers, Johannes W. J. M.; Bakker, Frank; Boesveldt, Sanne; Talhout, Reinskje

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113364

Cited by 43 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…GC-MS runs and data analysis were performed in the same manner as described before. 24 The 11 selected flavourings and nicotine were quantified (by quantifier ion of analytical standard) in waterpipe samples where the respective flavouring was positively identified (by qualifier ion of analytical standard). Concentrations of the flavourings in the duplicate runs were averaged for further analyses.…”

Section: Gc-ms Conditions and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavours and flavourings in waterpipe products: a comparison between tobacco, herbal molasses and steam stones

et al. 2022

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ObjectivesFlavoured products are especially appealing to youth and contribute to the onset of waterpipe smoking and continued use of waterpipe tobacco. The goal of database and chemical analysis was to provide a clear overview of commonly used flavours and flavourings in tobacco and related waterpipe products, that is, herbal molasses and steam stones.MethodsIn 2019, 249 waterpipe tobacco products were registered in the European Common Entry Gate by manufacturers to be marketed in The Netherlands. Flavour categories were assigned to the registered products based on their brand names and product descriptions. Nicotine and eleven 1111 flavourings were identified and quantified in waterpipe tobacco (n=8), herbal molasses (n=7) and steam stones (n=4) by extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis.ResultsFlavour categories could be assigned to 237 of 249 registered waterpipe tobacco products. Eight flavour main categories and 48 unique subcategories were identified and presented in a flavour wheel. All registered waterpipe tobacco products were flavoured, and the majority (78%) was fruit flavoured. Herbal molasses contained similar median flavouring levels, and steam stones contained lower median levels compared with waterpipe tobacco. Flavourings in waterpipe products were almost exclusively fruity and sweet, often in combination with menthol/mint flavourings.ConclusionsThis study is the first to present a waterpipe tobacco flavour wheel, providing a quick overview of waterpipe tobacco flavours and thereby aiding communication among experts around the globe. GC–MS analysis revealed that the most prevalent flavourings are present in similar levels in herbal and tobacco waterpipe products. Banning flavourings in all waterpipe products would be a good strategy to reduce waterpipe smoking among youth.

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Section: Gc-ms Conditions and Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavours and flavourings in waterpipe products: a comparison between tobacco, herbal molasses and steam stones

et al. 2022

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“…While flavoring chemicals are now receiving more research attention [ 17 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], only a limited number of flavoring chemicals that comprise the thousands of e-liquid flavors available on the market have been assessed for respiratory toxicity. Additionally, e-liquid formulations, both commercial and homemade, are composed of a myriad of flavoring chemical combinations which can change over time, in concentration, and between brands [ 25 ], all of which can complicate investigations of e-liquid toxicity. For example, a study of 277 products identified up to 50 flavoring chemicals per product, with total flavoring chemical concentrations up to 362 mg/mL (37% were above 10 mg/mL) [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Morris

Leonard

Fowles

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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E-cigarettes utilize a wide range of flavoring chemicals with respiratory health effects that are not well understood. In this study, we used pulmonary-associated cell lines to assess the in vitro cytotoxic effects of 30 flavoring chemicals. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and both naïve and activated macrophages (THP-1) were treated with 10, 100, and 1000 µM of flavoring chemicals and analyzed for changes in viability, cell membrane damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammatory cytokine release. Viability was unaffected for all chemicals at the 10 and 100 µM concentrations. At 1000 µM, the greatest reductions in viability were seen with decanal, hexanal, nonanal, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, vanillin, alpha-pinene, eugenol, and limonene. High amounts of ROS were elicited by vanillin, ethyl maltol, and the diketones (2,3-pentanedione, 2,3-heptanedione, and 2,3-hexanedione) from both cell lines. Naïve THP-1 cells produced significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α when exposed to ethyl maltol and hexanal. Activated THP-1 cells released increased IL-1β and TNF-α when exposed to ethyl maltol, but many flavoring chemicals had an apparent suppressive effect on inflammatory cytokines released by activated macrophages, some with varying degrees of accompanying cytotoxicity. The diketones, L-carvone, and linalool suppressed cytokine release in the absence of cytotoxicity. These findings provide insight into lung cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine release in response to flavorings commonly used in e-cigarettes.

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“…Most e-liquids contain flavoring chemicals, and alcohol-containing chemicals are a class of compounds that are frequently found in e-liquids [33][34][35]. Four alcohol-containing flavoring chemicals selected for this study were trans-2-hexenol (97%, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), benzyl alcohol (>95%, Fisher Science Education, Hanover Park, IL, USA), l-(-)-menthol (99.5%, Acros Organics, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), and linalool (>96%, TCI America, Portland, OR, USA).…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, 2-hexenol has been identified as an alcohol flavoring chemical used in e-liquids [35]. Different flavoring chemicals provide a variety of aromas and tastes: menthol is known to have a minty aroma [36]; benzyl alcohol has a sweet or almond-fruity taste [34]; linalool creates a sweet floral-woody and slight citrus flavor [34]; and 2-hexenol gives an apple or fruity flavor [37].…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonyl Composition and Electrophilicity in Vaping Emissions of Flavored and Unflavored E-Liquids

Canchola

Lin

2021

Toxics

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It has been demonstrated that propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), and flavoring chemicals can thermally degrade to form carbonyls during vaping, but less is known about carbonyl emissions produced by transformation of flavoring chemicals and the interactive effects among e-liquid constituents. This study characterized carbonyl composition and levels in vaping emissions of PG-VG (e-liquid base solvents) and four e-liquid formulations flavored with trans-2-hexenol, benzyl alcohol, l-(-)-menthol, or linalool. Utilizing gas chromatography (GC)- and liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) methods, 14 carbonyls were identified and quantified. PG-VG emitted highest levels of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. However, flavored e-liquids contributed to the production of a wider variety of carbonyls, with some carbonyls directly corresponding to the oxidation of alcohol moieties in flavoring compounds (e.g., trans-2-hexenol and benzyl alcohol transformed into trans-2-hexenal and benzaldehyde, respectively). Detections of formaldehyde-GSH and trans-2-hexenal-GSH adducts signify interactions of carbonyls with biological nucleophiles. The global reactivity descriptors (I, A, μ, η, and ω) and condensed Fukui parameters (fk0, fk−, fk+, and dual-descriptor) were computed to elucidate site reactivities of selected simple and α,β-unsaturated carbonyls found in vaping emissions. Overall, this study highlights carbonyl emissions and reactivities and their potential health risk effects associated with vaping.

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GC–MS analysis of e-cigarette refill solutions: A comparison of flavoring composition between flavor categories

Cited by 43 publications

References 27 publications

Flavours and flavourings in waterpipe products: a comparison between tobacco, herbal molasses and steam stones

Flavours and flavourings in waterpipe products: a comparison between tobacco, herbal molasses and steam stones

Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Carbonyl Composition and Electrophilicity in Vaping Emissions of Flavored and Unflavored E-Liquids

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