GC-MS analysis of steroids and triterpenoids occurring in leaves and tubers of Tamus edulis Lowe

Abstract

Tamus edulis Lowe is an endemic perennial plant belonging to Dioscoreaceae family. The plant has long climbing stems, ovate leaves, flowers in spikes, fleshy red berries and long tuberous roots. Young shoots and tuberous roots of T. edulis were used traditionally for nourishment and as a herbal medicine. Leaves and roots analyzed in the present study were collected in the northwest of Madeira island. The GC-MS analysis allowed to detect several steroids in free forms in diethyl ether extracts; and diosgenin with its isomer, yamogenin, in hydrolyzates from methanolic extracts.The obtained results reveal that Tamus edulis has some features common with other Dioscorea species, e.g., the presence of steroidal saponins with diosgenin and yamogenin as aglycones, or the phytosterol composition with predominating sitosterol. However, some other traits, like the relatively high content of free steroids (more than 1 mg/g d.w.) and their profile rich in cholesterol derivatives, can distinguish Tamus edulis from other Dioscorea species studied previously for their steroid and triterpenoid profile.

Effect of Ethylene and Abscisic Acid on Steroid and Triterpenoid Synthesis in Calendula officinalis Hairy Roots and Saponin Release to the Culture Medium

“…Their identifications were made on the basis of the MS spectra, retention time, and chromatographic mobility of available authentic standards, as well as the comparison with the data from MS libraries and the literature ( Table S1 ). Free steroids can be unequivocally identified without derivatization by their fairly consistent mass spectra, in which a molecular ion (usually of significant intensity) was easily observed, along with other diagnostic ions produced after the loss of 3β-hydroxy group as water [M-18] + and subsequent fragmentation by a retro-Diels-Alder reaction [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Three compounds were most prevalent in all samples: stigmasterol (22 E -stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol), sitosterol (stigmast-5-en-3β-ol), and campesterol (24 R -ergost-5-en-3β-ol), which are typical and very common plant sterols.…”

“…Calibration curves were drawn between the peaks areas versus the concentration of stigmasterol (y = 35,900x − 550) in the range of 0.002–2.0 mg/mL. The correlation coefficient (r 2 ) value was 0.998, the RSD (relative standard deviation) values of peak areas were less than 4%, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was attained for 3.2 μg/mL, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.0 μg/mL (determined by the analysis of samples with the decreasing concentration of the analyte) [ 27 ].…”

Triterpenoid and Steroid Content of Lipophilic Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants of the Mediterranean Region

“…However, despite the significant differences in the content of individual compounds, their basic composition was similar. Likewise, regarding the triterpenoid and steroid profiles, the ability of biosynthesis of certain types of triterpenoid skeletons, or the presence of typical group of Δ 5 -phytosterols (or, on the contrary, Δ 7 -phytosterols), may have a significant chemotaxonomic value [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Cistus species are widely known and appreciated for their various pharmacological applications, ascribed mainly to various phenolic compounds including flavonoids and ellagitannins, as well as several classes of terpenoids, i.e., mono-, sesqui- and diterpenoids, particularly of labdane-type [ 41 ]; however, to our knowledge, steroid and triterpenoid contents have been analyzed in the present study for the first time.…”

Extraction possibilities of lipid fraction and authentication assessment of chaga (Inonotus obliquus)

“…Isotope ratios are useful for food authentication because their ratios vary with climatic conditions, land cover, geographic origin, and geology of food ingredients [52]. In the group of light isotopes, the most studied ratios are 2 H / 1 H, 13 C/ 12 C, 15 N/ 14 N, and 18 O/ 16 O, while 34 S/ 32 S are used less frequently [53]. Stable isotope analysis has been used to detect the tampering of honey, fruit juice, maple syrup or wine with cheaper fillers such as water or corn sugar syrup [54].…”

“…Currently, there is almost no data available on phytochemical composition of the chaga fungus from Northern latitudes. The fingerprint of the most abundant elements building up living matter ( 13 C/ 12 C, 15 N/ 14 N, 18 O/ 16 O) and multi-elemental analysis could be used as a method of geographical region and origin verification [16,17]. Fatty acids, sterols and triterpenoids of I. obliquus can be used as biomarkers to discriminate geographical differences [18,19].…”