GC-MS analysis of underivatised new psychoactive substances in whole blood and urine

Αλεξανδρίδου, Αναστασία; Mouskeftara, Thomai; Raikos, Νikolaos; Gika, Helen

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122308

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The toxicological investigations carried out concerned the search for the most common substances of forensic toxicological interest, and were conducted in accordance with the indications of the Group of Italian Forensic Toxicologists (GIFT) and the scientific evidence inferable from the international literature [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical Fentanyl Transdermal Patch Consumption and Fatalities: Case Report and Literature Review

Manetti

David

Gariglio

et al. 2022

Toxics

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Fentanyl is a synthetic L-opioid receptor agonist, approximately 100 times more potent than morphine, that is experiencing an upward trend in the field of abuse. Fentanyl patches’ abusive consumption can occur either by transdermal absorption or through other atypical and ingenious routes. In the present case, a 29-year-old man with a history of illicit drug use was found dead in a suburban neighborhood of an Italian city. At autopsy, lungs appeared increased in weight and showed minute subpleural hemorrhages. Airways contained abundant reddish foamy material; in addition, a fentanyl patch protective film was found inside the left main bronchus. Toxicological analysis revealed the presence of morphine, fentanyl, BEG and ethyl alcohol in peripheric blood; 6-MAM was also revealed in urine. Findings collected during post-mortem investigations allowed us to identify fentanyl consumption as the cause of death. Fentanyl consumption presumably took place by chewing of a transdermal patch, with subsequent aspiration of the protective film. The pathophysiology of death can be identified as combined respiratory failure—both central suppression and a fentanyl-induced increase in muscular stiffness; a further minor contribution may be identified in the mechanical airflow obstruction caused by the presence of the protective film at the bronchial level.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical Fentanyl Transdermal Patch Consumption and Fatalities: Case Report and Literature Review

Manetti

David

Gariglio

et al. 2022

Toxics

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“…The use of GC-based methods 104, in the detection of phytocannabinoids and their metabolites in various biological samples has been summarised in Table 2.…”

Section: Gc Analysis Of Phytocannabinoids In Biological Samples For F...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A GC-MS protocol for the analysis of psychoactive substances, including cannabinoids, in whole blood was reported, where an EI interface was used. 104 In this study, EtOAc, butyl acetate, 1-chlorobutane, n-hexane, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and an equal mixture of butyl acetate and MTBE were used as the extraction solvents. While simple liquid-liquid extraction is generally applied for the extraction of cannabinoids from these samples, SPE or automated SPE (ASPE) has now become routine in various forensic laboratories.…”

Section: Blood Plasma and Serum Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While simple liquid-liquid extraction is generally applied for the extraction of cannabinoids from these samples, SPE or automated SPE (ASPE) has now become routine in various forensic laboratories. 104,[106][107][108][109][110] Various sample preparation kits are now commercially available for extracting cannabinoids from blood and related matrices. 110 Frei et al 108 reported the quantitative determination of five cannabinoids, CBD (3), CBN (7), 11-OH-THC (8), and THCA (11), in the blood by GC-MS/MS, where an automated online SPE step was incorporated.…”

Section: Blood Plasma and Serum Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of gas chromatography in the analysis of phytocannabinoids: An update (2020–2023)

Nahar,

Gavril,

Sarker

2023

Phytochemical Analysis

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IntroductionCannabinoids are a group of compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors. They possess pharmacological properties like that of the plant Cannabis sativa. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the popular chromatographic techniques that has been routinely used in the analysis of cannabinoids in different matrices.ObjectiveThe article aims to review the literature on the application of GC‐based analytical methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published during the period from January 2020 to August 2023.MethodologyA thorough literature search was conducted using different databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with cannabinoids being present in all combinations, in the search were cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, analysis, GC, quantitative, qualitative, and quality control. From the search results, only the publications that incorporate the GC analysis of phytocannabinoids were reviewed, and papers on synthetic cannabinoids were excluded.ResultsSince the publication of the review article on GC analysis of phytocannabinoids in early 2020, several GC‐based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids have appeared in the literature. While simple 1D GC–mass spectrometry (MS) and GC–flame ionisation detector (FID) methods are still quite common in phytocannabinoids analysis, 2D GC‐MS and GC‐MS/MS are increasingly becoming popular, as these techniques offer more useful data for identification and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. The use of automation in sample preparation and the utilisation of mathematical and computational models for optimisation of different protocols have become a norm in phytocannabinoids analysis. Pre‐analyses have been found to incorporate different derivatisation techniques and environmentally friendly extraction protocols.ConclusionsGC‐based analysis of phytocannabinoids, especially using GC‐MS, remains one of the most preferred methods for the analysis of these compounds. New derivatisation methods, ionisation techniques, mathematical models, and computational approaches for method optimisation have been introduced.

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“…A variety of analytical methods are employed by the forensic laboratories to cover the analysis of a great number of psychoactive substances in various biological samples [13][14][15]. Typically, immunoassay tests are used for the preliminary screening of psychoactive substances [16,17] followed by using hyphenated mass spectrometric methods interfaced either with gas chromatography (GC-MS/MS) [18][19][20][21][22] or liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS) for confirmation and quantitation purposes [23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Only a few screening procedures based on high resolution mass spectrometry have been published in the literature [30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of 19 Psychoactive Substances in Premortem and Postmortem Whole Blood Samples Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2021

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An ever-increasing need exists within the forensic laboratories to develop analytical processes for the qualitative and quantitative determination of a broad spectrum of new psychoactive substances. Phenylethylamine derivatives are among the major classes of psychoactive substances available on the global market and include both amphetamine analogues and synthetic cathinones. In this work, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) has been developed and fully validated for the determination of 19 psychoactive substances, including nine amphetamine-type stimulants and 10 synthetic cathinone derivatives, in premortem and postmortem whole blood. The assay was based on the use of 1 mL premortem or postmortem whole blood, following solid phase extraction prior to the analysis. The separation was achieved on a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 analytical column with a gradient mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water in 9 min. The dynamic multiple reaction monitoring used in this work allowed for limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) values of 0.5 and 2 ng mL−1, respectively, for all analytes both in premortem and postmortem whole blood samples. A quadratic calibration model was used for the 12 quantitative analytes over the concentration range of 20–2000 ng mL−1, and the method was shown to be precise and accurate both in premortem and postmortem whole blood. The method was applied to the analysis of real cases and proved to be a valuable tool in forensic and clinical toxicology.

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GC-MS analysis of underivatised new psychoactive substances in whole blood and urine

Cited by 18 publications

References 42 publications

Atypical Fentanyl Transdermal Patch Consumption and Fatalities: Case Report and Literature Review

Atypical Fentanyl Transdermal Patch Consumption and Fatalities: Case Report and Literature Review

Application of gas chromatography in the analysis of phytocannabinoids: An update (2020–2023)

Determination of 19 Psychoactive Substances in Premortem and Postmortem Whole Blood Samples Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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