GC/MS Profiling and Ex Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Salvadora persica (Siwak) against Enterococcus faecalis as Intracanal Medicament

Abstract

Introduction. Salvadora persica L. (S. persica, Siwak) has been used for many centuries as oral hygiene tools, particularly in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of S. persica petroleum ether extract (SPE) as an intracanal bactericidal for endodontic treatment against Enterococcus faecalis. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 gold standard intracanal medicament was used for comparison. Methods. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out to identify the components of SPE. First, the consistency of SPE was accomplished according to ANSI/ADA specification no 57. Forty-five single-rooted mandibular premolars were infected with that of E. faecalis suspension. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted before the medicaments’ application (CFU-1) and after seven days of their applications (CFU-2). Group I: SPE, Group II: positive control Ca(OH)2, and Group III: saline solution negative control. The microdilution method was applied to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SPE. Results. Thirty-two compounds were identified (89.09%), with main components of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) (33.32%) and steroids (34%). CFU before and after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 recorded a statistically significant reduction in bacterial count ( P = 0.006 ) and ( P = 0.01 ), respectively. There was an insignificant difference between CFU after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 ( P = 0.210 ). On the contrary, comparing both medicaments with the negative control saline group resulted in significant differences, ( P = 0.001 ) and ( P = 0.007 ), respectively. Moreover, the equality of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SPE is recorded. Conclusion. This finding could be referred to the high content of bactericidal BITC in synergism with other antimicrobial components, representing 70.71% of SPE. Thus, SPE is a good candidate as an intracanal medicament, which warrants further investigation.

An anticounterfeiting strategy based on photochromic nonwoven polyester fabric by plasma‐assisting spray coating with ultraviolet‐responsive silica@strontium aluminate nanoparticles

“…In general, the antibacterial performance to S. typhimurium was better than that detected for S. aureus due to the lesser bacterial‐resistance of S. typhimurium compared with S. aureus . [ 55–60 ]…”

“…performance to S. typhimurium was better than that detected for S. aureus due to the lesser bacterialresistance of S. typhimurium compared with S. aureus. [55][56][57][58][59][60] The free electrons on reactive species generated on fabric surface can be responsible for bacterial death. These free electrons disrupt regular cellular processes, which ultimately stops DNA replication.…”

UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling and Healing Activity of Polyphenol-Rich Fraction of Alhagi maurorum against Oral Ulcer in Rats

“…Many natural secondary metabolites demonstrated various biological effects [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ], including antioxidant potential via their ROS scavenging abilities [ 39 , 42 , 43 ]. The high antioxidant activity of polyphenols in oral mucosa is most likely responsible for their ability to protect tissues against periodontal and dental diseases, as polyphenols come into contact with oral tissues before being absorbed or digested [ 44 , 45 ]. Polyphenols reach the highest concentration on oral mucosa in comparison with all other tissues of the gastrointestinal tract [ 38 ].…”

Using An Electrical Toothache Salvadora Perisca To Increasing Oral Health Quality: A Manikin Trial

“…Siwak is one of the oldest oral hygiene tools in the world. The low price and easy availability are the reasons for replacing toothpaste with siwak (Albabtain et al, 2018;Ayoub et al, 2021). Siwak has strong antibacterial ability against gram-negative bacteria, and can prevent mild-to-moderate periodontitis (Albabtain et al, 2018).…”