Geiger mode APD performance in a cryogenic two-phase Ar avalanche detector based on THGEMs

Bondar, A.; Grebenuk, A.A.; Sokolov, A.; Akimov, D.; Alexandrov, I. S.; Breskin, A.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.07.002

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…the scintillation signal amplitude as measured by the GAPD (top or bottom) expressed in photoelectrons. As compared to other photodetectors, in addition to their higher sensitivity in the NIR, GAPDs provide a faster single-photoelectron pulse, having well-defined shape (with width of 20 ns) and very small amplitude fluctuation [14], [20]. The latter is illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Photoelectron Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of infrared scintillations in gaseous and liquid argon. Part I: methodology and time measurements

et al. 2012

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A methodology to measure Near Infrared (NIR) scintillations in gaseous and liquid Ar, using Geiger-mode APDs (GAPDs) sensitive in the NIR and pulsed X-ray irradiation, is described. This study has been triggered by the development of Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) with optical readout in the NIR using combined THGEM/GAPD multiplier, which may come to be in demand in coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering and dark matter search experiments. A new approach to measure the NIR scintillation yield at cryogenic temperatures has been developed, namely using GAPDs in single photoelectron counting mode with time resolution. The time structure of NIR scintillations and their light yield were measured both for primary scintillations and that of secondary at moderate electric fields (electroluminescence), in gaseous and liquid Ar.

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Section: Photoelectron Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of infrared scintillations in gaseous and liquid argon. Part I: methodology and time measurements

et al. 2012

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“…Moreover, the GAPD performance at cryogenic temperatures is superior to that at room temperature [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89]: the noise-rate is considerably reduced [82], [84], [88], [89], while the amplitude resolution [85] and the maximum gain [88] can be [88]. Shown are the GAPD noise rate (left) and relative Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) (right) as a function of the bias voltage at different temperatures.…”

Section: Two-phase Crads With Optical Readout Using Gapdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

Buzulutskov

2012

J. Inst.

125

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Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) are referred to as a new class of noblegas detectors operated at cryogenic temperatures with electron avalanching performed directly in the detection medium, the latter being in gaseous, liquid or two-phase (liquid-gas) state. Electron avalanching is provided by Micro-Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD) multipliers, in particular GEMs and THGEMs, operated at cryogenic temperatures in dense noble gases. The final goal for this kind of detectors is the development of large-volume detectors of ultimate sensitivity for rare-event experiments and medical applications, such as coherent neutrinonucleus scattering, direct dark matter search, astrophysical (solar and supernova) neutrino detection experiments and Positron Emission Tomography technique. This review is the first attempt to summarize the results on CRAD performances obtained by different groups. A brief overview of the available CRAD concepts is also given and the most remarkable CRAD physics effects are discussed.Earlier attempts to obtain high and stable electron avalanching directly in noble gases and liquids at cryogenic temperatures, using "open-geometry" gaseous multipliers, have not been very successful: rather low gains (≤10) were observed in liquid Xe [2],[3],[4] and Ar [2],[5] and low gains (≤100) in gaseous Ar [6] and He [7] at low temperatures, using wire, needle or microstrip proportional counters. Moreover, two-phase detectors with wire chamber readout, which initially seemed to solve the problem, turned out to have unstable operation in the avalanche mode due to vapour condensation on wire electrodes [8].The problem of electron avalanching in cryogenic noble-gas detectors has been solved [1] after introduction of Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs), namely those of hole-type: Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) [9] and thick GEMs (THGEMs) [10]. Contrary to wire chambers and other "open geometry" gaseous multipliers, cascaded GEM and THGEM structures have a unique ability to operate in dense noble gases at high gains [11], including at cryogenic temperatures and in the two-phase mode [12].Consequently at present, the basic idea of Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors in the narrow sense is that of the combination of MPGDs with cryogenic noble-gas detectors, operated in a gaseous, liquid or two-phase mode. We call such detectors "CRyogenic Avalanche Detectors" and suggest the following short-name for those -CRADs; it will be used throughout in the following. This review is the first attempt to summarize the results on CRAD performances obtained by different groups, presenting those in a systematic way. A brief overview of the available CRAD concepts is also given and the most remarkable CRAD physics effects are discussed. Cryogenic Avalanche Detector (CRAD) concepts: brief overviewThere are at least a dozen of different CRAD types developed by different groups over the past 8 years. In this chapter this variety is systemized: a brief overview of CRAD concepts is given, namely that of the basic CRAD concepts and CRAD concepts re...

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“…The details of the experimental procedures regarding determination of the GAPD noise rate, gain and pixel resistance, can be found elsewhere [7], [16], [23]. In particular, the noise rate was measured by counting the noise pulses in a given time interval, the noise signals being recognized by their characteristic pulse-shapes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

MPPC versus MRS APD in two-phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

et al. 2015

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Two-phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) with combined THGEM/GAPD multiplier have become an emerging potential technique for dark matter search and coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering experiments. In such a multiplier the THGEM hole avalanches are optically recorded in the Near Infrared (NIR) using a matrix of Geiger-mode APDs (GAPDs). To select the proper sensor, the performances of six GAPD types manufactured by different companies, namely by Hamamatsu (MPPCs), CPTA (MRS APDs) and SensL (SiPMs), have been comparatively studied at cryogenic temperatures when operated in two-phase CRADs in Ar at 87 K. While the GAPDs with ceramic packages failed to operate properly at cryogenic temperatures, those with plastic packages, namely MPPC S10931-100P and MRS APD 149-35, showed satisfactory performances at 87 K. In addition, MPPC S10931-100P turned out to be superior in terms of the higher detection efficiency, lower nose rate, lower pixel quenching resistor and better characteristics reproducibility.

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Geiger mode APD performance in a cryogenic two-phase Ar avalanche detector based on THGEMs

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Study of infrared scintillations in gaseous and liquid argon. Part I: methodology and time measurements

Study of infrared scintillations in gaseous and liquid argon. Part I: methodology and time measurements

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

MPPC versus MRS APD in two-phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

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