Geiger-mode three-dimensional image sensor for eye-safe flash LIDAR

Mizuno, Takahide; Ikeda, Hirokazu; Makino, Kotaro; Tamura, Y.; Suzuki, Y.; Baba, Takashi; Adachi, S.; Hashi, Tatsuya; Mita, Makoto; Mimasu, Yuya; Hoshino, Tetsuya

doi:10.1587/elex.17.20200152

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…32 TDCs (1 per column) are available for photon time stamping. Their most recent developments are BSI 3D PDCs for flash LiDAR, using either InGaAs SPAD array for IR wavelength [ 83 ] or their standard MPPC technology for NIR wavelength [ 84 ].…”

Section: Review Of 3d Pdcmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

Pratte

Nolet

Parent

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Analog and digital SiPMs have revolutionized the field of radiation instrumentation by replacing both avalanche photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes in many applications. However, multiple applications require greater performance than the current SiPMs are capable of, for example timing resolution for time-of-flight positron emission tomography and time-of-flight computed tomography, and mitigation of the large output capacitance of SiPM array for large-scale time projection chambers for liquid argon and liquid xenon experiments. In this contribution, the case will be made that 3D photon-to-digital converters, also known as 3D digital SiPMs, have a potentially superior performance over analog and 2D digital SiPMs. A review of 3D photon-to-digital converters is presented along with various applications where they can make a difference, such as time-of-flight medical imaging systems and low-background experiments in noble liquids. Finally, a review of the key design choices that must be made to obtain an optimized 3D photon-to-digital converter for radiation instrumentation, more specifically the single-photon avalanche diode array, the CMOS technology, the quenching circuit, the time-to-digital converter, the digital signal processing and the system level integration, are discussed in detail.

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Section: Review Of 3d Pdcmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

Pratte

Nolet

Parent

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…However, increasing the power of the pulsed laser and aperture of the receiving optics are not preferable solutions because they will complicate the system configuration and increase the overall dimension and cost. The Geiger‐mode APD could offer help to solve this issue 118 . Besides the linear‐mode, the APD can also be reverse‐biased above the avalanche breakdown voltage, which is known as Geiger‐mode 119–121 .…”

Section: Pulsed‐laser Three‐dimensional Imaging Flash Lidar Using Apd Arrays Based On the Geiger‐modementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Geiger-mode APD could offer help to solve this issue. 118 Besides the linear-mode, the APD can also be reverse-biased above the avalanche breakdown voltage, which is known as Geigermode. [119][120][121] The reverse-bias voltage across the detector is typically 5 to 10 V above the avalanche breakdown voltage.…”

Section: Pulsed-laser Three-dimensional Imaging Flash Lidar Using Apd...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of pulsed‐laser three‐dimensional imaging flash lidar using APD arrays

Hao

Tao

Cao

et al. 2021

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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Over the past two decades, pulsed‐laser three‐dimensional imaging flash lidar using avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays has attracted extensive research interest due to its great potential for both military and civilian applications. This invited paper gives a brief review of the state‐of‐art pulsed‐laser three‐dimensional imaging flash lidar using APD arrays. The principle of the pulsed‐laser three‐dimensional imaging flash lidar using APD arrays is briefly introduced. According to the working mode of the APD arrays, we divide the current flash lidar into two types: the linear‐mode and the Geiger‐mode. The performances of the pulsed‐laser three‐dimensional imaging flash lidar using APD arrays working at linear‐mode and the Geiger‐mode are summarized. The opportunities and challenges in this field are also discussed. This review is expected to provide a snapshot of the current landscape of flash lidar using APD arrays to attract more interest in this field.

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“…Additionally, the Geiger mode, which can detect single photons, was adopted as the operating mode of the APD. This report describes a 3D image sensor that increased the number of pixels from 32 × 32 pixels in Mizuno et al 12 to 128 × 128 pixels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

InGaAs Geiger‐mode three‐dimensional image sensor for flash LIDAR

et al. 2023

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Three‐dimensional (3D) image sensors are requested by planetary explorers to detect obstacles around landing sites during the landing process and to measure the relative distance and attitude of an orbiting spacecraft during rendezvous docking procedures. Three‐dimensional image sensors are also requested in many other fields, including as sensors for autonomous vehicles. In flash LIDAR, a sensor acquires 3D images using the diffuse emission of a pulsed laser, making it suitable for applications like obstacle detection and terrain measurement. We fabricated a prototype 3D image sensor with a temporal resolution of 500 ps and dimensions of 128 × 128 pixels using an InGaAs Geiger mode avalanche photodiode, which is capable of counting photons in the eye‐safe band, as the light receiving sensor. This report gives an overview of the prototype sensor and its functions, a detailed evaluation of its time measurement performance, and details of imaging experiments under sunlight.

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Geiger-mode three-dimensional image sensor for eye-safe flash LIDAR

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

3D Photon-To-Digital Converter for Radiation Instrumentation: Motivation and Future Works

Development of pulsed‐laser three‐dimensional imaging flash lidar using APD arrays

InGaAs Geiger‐mode three‐dimensional image sensor for flash LIDAR

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