Gel electrophoresis/electroelution sorting fractionator combined with filter‐aided sample preparation for deep proteomic analysis

Abstract

Sample preparation and protein fractionation are important issues for proteomic studies. Protein extraction procedures strongly affect the performance of fractionation methods by provoking protein dispersion in several fractions. The most notable exception is the gel‐based electrophoretic protein fractionation due to its resolution and effectiveness of sodium dodecyl sulfate as a solubilizing agent, while its main limitation lies in the poor recovery of the gel‐trapped proteins. We created a fractionator device to separate complex mixture of proteins and peptides that is based on the continuous gel electrophoresis/electroelution sorting of these molecules. In an unsupervised process, complex mixtures of proteins or peptides are fractionated into the gel while separated fractions are simultaneously and sequentially electroeluted to the solution containing wells. The performance of the device was studied for protein fractionation in terms of reproducibility, protein recovery, and loading capacity. In a setup free of sodium dodecyl sulfate, complex peptide mixtures can also be fractionated. More than 11,700 proteins were identified in the whole‐cell lysate of the CaSki cell line by using the fractionator combined with the filter‐aided sample preparation method and mass spectrometry analysis. Fractionator‐based proteome characterization increased 1.7‐fold the number of identified proteins compared to the unfractionated sample analysis.

Proteomics techniques in protein biomarker discovery

“…However, poor resolution and inconsistent recoveries are notable drawbacks of this method when crude unprocessed samples are used. The most important limitation is the poor recovery of proteins trapped in the gel [22,37].…”