Gelatin-methacryloyl hydrogels containing turnip mosaic virus for fabrication of nanostructured materials for tissue engineering

Abstract

Current tissue engineering techniques frequently rely on hydrogels to support cell growth, as these materials strongly mimic the extracellular matrix. However, hydrogels often need ad hoc customization to generate specific tissue constructs. One popular strategy for hydrogel functionalization is to add nanoparticles to them. Here, we present a plant viral nanoparticle the turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), as a promising additive for gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels for the engineering of mammalian tissues. TuMV is a flexuous, elongated, tubular protein nanoparticle (700–750 nm long and 12–15 nm wide) and is incapable of infecting mammalian cells. These flexuous nanoparticles spontaneously form entangled nanomeshes in aqueous environments, and we hypothesized that this nanomesh structure could serve as a nanoscaffold for cells. Human fibroblasts loaded into GelMA-TuMV hydrogels exhibited similar metabolic activity to that of cells loaded in pristine GelMA hydrogels. However, cells cultured in GelMA-TuMV formed clusters and assumed an elongated morphology in contrast to the homogeneous and confluent cultures seen on GelMA surfaces, suggesting that the nanoscaffold material per se did not favor cell adhesion. We also covalently conjugated TuMV particles with epidermal growth factor (EGF) using a straightforward reaction scheme based on a Staudinger reaction. BJ cells cultured on the functionalized scaffolds increased their confluency by approximately 30% compared to growth with unconjugated EGF. We also provide examples of the use of GelMA-TuMV hydrogels in different biofabrication scenarios, include casting, flow-based-manufacture of filaments, and bioprinting. We envision TuMV as a versatile nanobiomaterial that can be useful for tissue engineering.

Transdermal Drug Delivery System: Current Status and Clinical Application of Microneedles

“…Numerous natural polymers, including collagen, fibroin, gelatin, and alginate, can undergo chemical modification to modify their properties and applications, such as enhancing their mechanical properties, improving their biocompatibility and giving them more characteristics. 64,65 Likewise, numerous chemical polymers can mimic the properties and eco-friendliness of natural polymers by means of biosynthesis or biodegradation, or be blended with natural polymers to enhance the overall performance of polymer materials. 66−69 Consequently, the polymer materials employed in modern microneedle manufacturing represent a diverse and intricate field, necessitating a comprehensive consideration of factors, such as material sources, structures, properties, and applications.…”

“…Nowadays, the polymer materials utilized in contemporary microneedle production are increasingly challenging to strictly differentiate between natural and chemical polymers. Numerous natural polymers, including collagen, fibroin, gelatin, and alginate, can undergo chemical modification to modify their properties and applications, such as enhancing their mechanical properties, improving their biocompatibility and giving them more characteristics. , Likewise, numerous chemical polymers can mimic the properties and eco-friendliness of natural polymers by means of biosynthesis or biodegradation, or be blended with natural polymers to enhance the overall performance of polymer materials. − Consequently, the polymer materials employed in modern microneedle manufacturing represent a diverse and intricate field, necessitating a comprehensive consideration of factors, such as material sources, structures, properties, and applications. In various clinical application scenarios, researchers can endow polymer materials with controllable release characteristics by adjusting their concentration, molecular weight, cross-linking density, and charge characteristics.…”

Isopeptide Bonding In Planta Allows Functionalization of Elongated Flexuous Proteinaceous Viral Nanoparticles, including Non-Viable Constructs by Other Means

“…Among these, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and potato virus X (PVX) have been widely used [ 4 ]. In our own work, we have a long track record in the development of VNPs from turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) for multiple nanobiotechnological applications [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. TuMV is a potyvirus, flexuous elongated viruses, whose long virions (750 nm long and 13.5 nm wide) are made of over 2000 CP molecules, and of which eVLPs can be formed in planta [ 16 ].…”

A Novel 3D‐Bioprinting Technology of Orderly Extruded Multi‐Materials via Photopolymerization

“…[12,13] On the other hand, 3D-bioprinting offers unique spatial control over the 3D architecture of the biological components by combining hydrogels, cells, and signaling molecules to recreate actual tissues. [14] Moreover, 3D-bioprinting contributes significant advances in drug screening, [11,[15][16][17][18] disease modeling, [19,20] high throughput assays, [21,22] cancer research, [23,24] biofabrication, [25][26][27] and clinical transplantation. [28,29] In these regards, 3D-bioprinting technologies have been widely developed in tissue engineering and biomedical applications.…”