Gelatinases and physical exercise

Abstract

Background:Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9), as well as their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), are involved in the development of skeletal muscle tissue, in the repair process after muscle injury and in the adaptive modifications induced by physical exercise in skeletal muscle. This paper aims at reviewing results from human studies that investigated the role of gelatinases and their inhibitors in skeletal muscle response to acute physical exercise or training.Methods:Electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for papers published between January 2000 and February 2017. The papers were eligible when reporting human studies in which MMP-2 and/or MMP-9 and/or the inhibitors TIMP-1/TIMP-2 were evaluated, in blood or muscular tissue, before and after acute physical exercise or before and after a period of structured physical training. We included studies on healthy subjects and patients with chronic metabolic diseases (obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome—MS) or asymptomatic coronary artery disease. We excluded studies on patients with neurological, rheumatologic or neoplastic diseases.Results:Studies conducted on muscle biopsies showed an early stimulation of MMP-9 gene transcription as a result of acute exercise, whereas MMP-2 and TIMP transcription resulted from regular repetition of exercise over time. Studies on serum or plasma level of gelatinases and their inhibitors showed an early release of MMP-9 after acute exercise of sufficient intensity, while data on MMP-2 and TIMP were more contrasting. Most of the studies dealing with the effect of training indicated a trend toward reduction in blood gelatinase levels, once again more clear for MMP-9. This result was related to an anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise and was more evident when training consisted of aerobic activities. This study has limitations: as the initial selection was done through titles and abstracts, incomplete retrieval cannot be excluded, as well as we cannot exclude bias due to selective reporting within studies.Conclusion:A better knowledge of the molecular events activated by different types of acute exercise and regular training could be of great relevance in order to maximize the benefits of physical activity in healthy subjects and patients.

Remodeling the Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix in Older Age—Effects of Acute Exercise Stimuli on Gene Expression

“…Thus, these MMPs are of crucial importance for the development and repair of muscles after injury, as ECM components must be degraded to allow satellite cells to migrate to and, ultimately, fuse with existing myofibers [ 59 ]. In agreement with earlier studies examining their expression in muscle tissue [ 60 ], we found MMP2 levels to be virtually unaffected by acute exercise, irrespective of the modality used. Scheede-Bergdahl et al [ 61 ] found levels to be increased after 2 and 8 weeks of rowing exercise in both patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and healthy controls and suggested that prolonged exercise training may be required to increase MMP2 gene expression.…”

Effects of Resistance Training on Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Skeletal Muscles and Blood Circulation During Aging

“…Recent observations provide evidence that gelatinase activity in the blood circulation can be considered mediators of inflammation and provide important information about inflammatory states during the aging process and pathological conditions (Giannakos et al, 2016 ; Nascimento et al, 2016 ; Lo Presti et al, 2017 ; Smigiel and Parks, 2017 ). High MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity may be related to immunity, tumor progression or apoptosis, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity and may play a role in cardiovascular disease diagnoses (Nascimento et al, 2015 , 2016 ; Giannakos et al, 2016 ).…”

Acute Exercise in Hypobaric Hypoxia Attenuates Endothelial Shedding in Subjects Unacclimatized to High Altitudes

“…It is important to note that acute exercise at high altitude showed a different systemic effect on the circulating protein levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2 as well as their inhibitor TIMP-1, which suggests that these proteins might have very different time courses of expression/secretion/activity. Under normoxic conditions, MMP-9 concentrations immediately increased after acute exercise, while MMP-2 and TIMP-1 concentrations either increased or stayed unchanged (Lo Presti et al, 2017). A decrease in MMP-9 concentrations was only observed under hypoxic conditions without exercise stimulus (Rahat et al, 2006).…”

“…processes are not yet well understood-gelatinase measurement in serum can be useful to detect the systemic response to acute exercise (Lo Presti et al, 2017). Furthermore, the loss of circulating MMP-9 concentrations could also implicate an attenuation of macrophage infiltration and collagen deposition in circulation (Luttun et al, 2004), but was not found to be any indicator of an exercise-induced change in muscular damage (Lo Presti et al, 2017). Circulating MMP-2 concentrations, however, were not associated with EC number.…”

“…Although the circulating concentrations of MMPs might be important information for protein presence (Cui et al, 2017), regarding endothelial matrix remodeling, their ability to degrade several types of collagen (MMP-activity) is even more meaningful. The presence of MMP protein is not necessarily indicative of MMP enzymatic activity, especially when samples are taken from peripheral blood and not at the tissue level (Lo Presti et al, 2017). SDF-1α is a potent chemoattractant for CPCs and regulates cell cycle status, cell adhesion, and survival (Alvarez et al, 2013).…”