Gels prepared from egg yolk and its fractions for tissue engineering

Abstract

New biomaterials prepared from egg yolk and its main fractions (plasma and granules) have been developed for use in tissue engineering. Protein gels obtained via transglutaminase cross-linking were characterized by rheometry, texturometry and scanning electron microscopy. All the gels exhibited suitable physical and mechanical characteristics for use as potential biomaterials in skin regeneration. Specifically, results showed that these materials presented a compact, uniform structure, with granular gel being found to be the most resistant as well as the most elastic material. Accordingly, these gels were subsequently evaluated as scaffolds for murine fibroblast growth. The best results were obtained with granule gels. Not only adhesion and cell growth were detected when using these gels, but also continuous coatings of cells growing on their surface. These findings can be attributed to the higher protein content of this fraction and to the particular structure of its proteins. Thus, granules have proved to be an interesting potential raw material for scaffold development. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1577-1583, 2016.

3D Cultures of Salivary Gland Cells in Native or Gelled Egg Yolk Plasma, Combined with Egg White and 3D-Printing of Gelled Egg Yolk Plasma

“…For EYP’s gelation, we selected freeze-thaw gelation over other methods [21,54,55] because of its ease; most labs possess −20 °C freezers. In line with our systems physiological needs, the rheometer conducted the viscoelastic tests at 37 °C, contrasting other food science studies [25,26,27,28,29,30,31].…”

“…Other scientists have also caught on to this concept and used egg biomaterials to host human cells. Human cells have been added to developing fertilized chick embryo [17,18], egg white (EW) [19,20], and EY [21,22,23]. Additionally, pharmacological studies use the egg environment for drug screening [24].…”

Modification methods and applications of egg protein gel properties: A review

“…A fibronectin‐based tissue engineering product was developed to regenerate oral mucosal tissue (Llames et al., 2014). Both EW and EY, which are rich in protein, can be used as raw materials for the production of cell growth scaffolds (Jalili‐Firoozinezhad et al., 2015; Rodil et al., 2016). EW is used to heal a variety of diseases, as well as wound healing.…”

“…EY is a readily available raw material in the biomedical industry, and EYP plays an important role in the wound‐healing process. Whole EY, granule, and plasma gels could all be utilized as growth scaffolds for murine fibroblasts, with granule gels being the most effective (Rodil et al., 2016). Avian eggs are embryos that can mature into complete individuals, and the potential of EP for biomedical applications needs to continue to be explored.…”

“…EP has recently been thoroughly investigated in the field of biomedical and inorganic materials due to its gelation properties. EP can be used as a gel component to make cell growth scaffolds and healing dressings (Jalili-Firoozinezhad et al, 2015;López-Mata et al, 2016;Rodil et al, 2016;Shojaee et al, 2015). Furthermore, EP has been utilized to develop new inorganic materials, such as temperature sensors and environmentally friendly batteries (Kelkar et al, 2014;Tian et al, 2020).…”