GEMAS: Establishing geochemical background and threshold for 53 chemical elements in European agricultural soil

Reimann, Clemens; Fabian, Karl; Birke, Manfred; Filzmoser, Peter; Demetriades, Alecos; Négrel, Philippe; Oorts, Koen; Matschullat, Jörg; Caritat, Patrice de; Albanese, Stefano; Anderson, Michael E.; Baritz, Rainer; Batista, Maria João; Bel-Ian, A.; Cicchella, Domenico; Vivo, B. De; Vos, W. De; Dinelli, Enrico; Ďuriš, M.; Dusza-Dobek, A.; Eggen, O. A.; Eklund, M.; Ernsten, V.; Flight, Dee; Forrester, S.; Fügedi, Ubul; Gilucis, A.; Gosar, Mateja; Gregorauskiene, V.; Groot, W. de; Gulan, A.; Halamić, Josip; Haslinger, Edith; Hayoz, P.; Hoogewerff, Jurian; Hrvatović, Hazim; Husnjak, Stjepan; Jähne‐Klingberg, Fabian; Janik, L.; Jordán, Győző; Kaminari, M.; Kirby, Jason K.; Klos, V.; Kwećko, P.; Kuti, László; Ladenberger, Anna; Lima, Annamaria; Locutura, J.; Lucivjansky, P.; Mann, A.; Mackových, D.; McLaughlin, Michael J.; Malyuk, B. I.; Maquil, R.; Meuli, R. G.; Mol, G.; O’Connor, Patrick J.; Ottesen, Rolf Tore; Pasnieczna, A.; Petersell, V.; Pfleiderer, S.; Poňavič, Michal; Prazeres, C.; Radusinović, Slobodan; Rauch, Uwe; Salpeteur, I.; Scanlon, Ray; Schedl, A.; Scheib, Andreas; Schoeters, Ilse; Šefčík, P.; Sellersjö, E.; Slaninka, I.; Soriano-Disla, José M.; Šorša, Ajka; Svrkota, R.; Stafilov, Trajče; Tarvainen, Timo; Tendavilov, V.; Valera, Paolo; Verougstraete, Violaine; Vidojević, D.; Zissimos, Andreas M.; Zomeni, Z.; Sadeghi, Martiya

doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.01.021

Cited by 184 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Threshold values were only determined according to the following statistical methods: The Median + 2 Median Absolute Deviation (M MAD ), Tukey's inner fences (TIF), the cumulative probability (CP), the iterative 2σ technique (I2σ) and the calculated frequency distribution (DF). Regarding a better understanding on the overall description of these methods see Reimann et al ( , 2018, Reimann & Caritat (2017), Cembranel et al (2017), Ander et al (2013), Urresti-Estala et al (2013) and Nakić et al (2007). Statistical analyses and calculations were carried out using R (R Development Core Team 2008), Action Stat Pro (Equipe Estatcamp 2014) and the VB Background ® freeware (Nakić et al 2007).…”

Section: Statistical Analysis and Determination Of Threshold Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical distribution and threshold values determination of heavy metals in stream water in the sub-basins of Vermelho and Sororó rivers, Itacaiúnas River watershed, Eastern Amazon, Brazil

Salomão¹,

Dall’Agnol²,

Sahoo³

et al. 2018

Geochim. Bras.

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RESUMOLevantamento geoquímico nas sub-bacias Vermelho (SBV) e Sororó (SBS) da bacia do Itacaiúnas no sudeste da região Amazônica revela que parâmetros físicoquímicos da água superficial não mostram variações acentuadas entre as estações chuvosa e seca. Com exceção de Fe e Mn, em geral os demais metais revelam baixas concentrações na água e não foram observadas evidências significativas de contaminação. Conteúdos comparativamente mais elevados foram obtidos principalmente durante a estação chuvosa. Fe e Mn se distribuem regularmente na água na área estudada e o aumento de seu conteúdo foi favorecido pelo desmatamento. A concentração de Mn aumenta durante a estação seca possivelmente devido a processos biogeoquímicos. Altas concentrações de Fe e Mn em águas superficiais são inerentes às condições locais da região Amazônica. Fatores geogênicos influenciam a distribuição na água de Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, V e Zn. Efeitos antrópicos são subordinados, exceto para Fe e Mn ou em áreas localizadas. A definição de valores de threshold para As, Co, Cr e Pb, apresentou limitações. Valores de threshold puderam ser definidos em pelo menos uma estação nas duas sub-bacias para Cu, Ni, Sn, V e Zn. No caso de Fe total, foram obtidos valores de threshold de 5 a 6 mg/L e de 2 a 3 mg/L nas estações chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. Os valores de threshold para Mn são de 0,30 a 0,45 mg/L na estação chuvosa e, na estação seca, decrescem para 0,20 a 0,30 mg/L na VSB e aumentam para 1,3 a 1,4 mg/L na SSB. Palavras-chave: Geoquímica de água fluviais; Valores de threshold; Metais pesados; Bacia do rio Itacaiúnas; Amazônia Oriental. ABSTRACTGeochemical survey in the Vermelho (VSB) and Sororó (SSB) sub-basins of the Itacaiúnas basin in southeastern Amazonian region has shown that the physicalchemical parameters of stream water do not display accentuated variations between the rainy and dry seasons. Except for Fe and Mn, in general most metals show low contents in water and evidences of significant contamination were not observed. Higher contents were mostly registered during the rainy season. Fe is regularly distributed in water in the studied area and the increase of its concentration was favored by deforestation. Mn contents increase during the dry season possibly due to biogeochemical processes. High Fe and Mn contents in water are inherent to the specific local conditions prevalent in the Amazonian region. Geogenic influence in metal distribution in water is significant for Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, and Zn. Anthropic effects are subordinate except for Fe and Mn or in local areas. The definition of threshold values for As, Co, Cr, and Pb, was limited, however, threshold values for Cu, Ni, Sn, V, and Zn were estimated for at least one season in each sub-basin. Threshold values of total iron were obtained (5 to 6 mg/L and 2 to 3 mg/L in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively). Estimated Mn threshold values are 0.30 to 0.45 mg/L in the rainy season and in the dry season they decrease to 0.20 to 0.30 mg/L in VSB and increase to 1.3 to 1.4 mg...

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Section: Statistical Analysis and Determination Of Threshold Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical distribution and threshold values determination of heavy metals in stream water in the sub-basins of Vermelho and Sororó rivers, Itacaiúnas River watershed, Eastern Amazon, Brazil

Salomão¹,

Dall’Agnol²,

Sahoo³

et al. 2018

Geochim. Bras.

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“…A lower threshold, determined in the lower part of the data distribution, is used to identify locations with unusually low element concentrations. Deficiency of certain elements in the soil can present a problem to living organisms in those environments (Reimann et al, 2018). In this work we focused solely on upper threshold and did not discuss the lower threshold.…”

Section: Uvodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical background and threshold for 47 chemical elements in Slovenian topsoil

Gosar¹,

Šajn²,

Špela³

et al. 2019

Geologija

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Geochemical background and threshold values need to be established to identify areas with unusually high concentrations of elements. High concentrations are caused by natural or anthropogenic processes. The <2 mm fraction of 817 collected topsoil (0-10 cm) samples at a 5 × 5 km grid on the territory of Slovenia was analysed. Results are used here to establish the geochemical background variation and threshold values, derived statistically from the data set, in order to identify unusually high element concentrations for these elements in the soil samples. Geochemical threshold values were determined following different methods of calculation for (1) whole of Slovenia and (2) for 8 spatial units determined on the base of geological structure, lithology, relief, climate and vegetation. Medians and geochemical thresholds for whole of Slovenia were compared with data for Europe and for southern Europe separately, since large differences in the spatial distribution of many elements are observed between northern and southern Europe. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs), namely As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn, are of particular interest. Medians of these PTE elements are all higher in Slovenia than in southern Europe. Medians of Pb and Mo are 1.5 times higher and medians of Hg and Cd are even more than 2 times higher in Slovenia. Geochemical thresholds for As, Cr, Co, Ni, Sb and Zn are of similar values in both Slovenia and southern Europe and some lower for Cu and Ni. Up to 1.5 times higher are tresholds in Slovenia for Mo and Pb and more than 2.5 times higher for Cd and Hg. These values were then compared to existing Slovenian soil guideline values for these elements. Izvleček Kemični elementi so v okolju, torej tudi v tleh, naravno prisotni. Povišane vsebnosti le-teh so posledica naravnih danosti ali pa jih povzročijo človekove dejavnosti. Območja povišanih koncentracij elementov so opredeljena kot območja, na katerih vsebnosti elementov presegajo vrednosti geokemičnega praga (zgornjih mej naravne variabilnosti-MNV). Na podlagi kemičnih analiz 817 vzorcev zgornje plasti tal (0-10 cm), odvzetih v mreži 5 × 5 km na območju celotne Slovenije, smo izračunali mediane (geokemično ozadje) in zgornje meje naravne variabilnosti (MNV) po več metodah za celotno Slovenijo in za 8 manjših prostorskih enot, ki smo jih določili glede na geološko zgradbo, kamninsko sestavo, relief, podnebje in rastlinstvo. Znotraj posameznih manjših prostorskih enot se izračunane MNV po različnih metodah močno razlikujejo zaradi heterogenosti enot in majhnega števila vzorcev. Mediane in zgornje meje naravne variabilnosti za celotno Slovenijo smo primerjali s podatki za celotno Evropo in še posebej južno Evropo, ker se prostorske porazdelitve elementov med južno in severno Evropo močno razlikujejo. Zanimive so vsebnosti potencialno strupenih elementov (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) in primerjava z mejnimi, opozorilnimi in kritičnimi vrednostmi za tla po slovenski zakonodaji. Mediane teh elementov so v Sloveniji višje kot v ce...

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“…(Evers et al, 2000), en voor B eurogins-agro.com/nl-nl/gemiddelden. * 3 AW2000 * 4 (Reimann et al, 2016).…”

Section: Tabel 5 Bodembalans Voor Selenium Bij Park Grass Experiments unclassified

Kennisvragen Nutriëntenkringloop & Bodemvruchtbaarheid : Cijfers en inzichten ten behoeve van de transitieagenda voor de Werkgroep Nutriëntenkringloop & Bodemvruchtbaarheid

Rietra

Oenema²

2018

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GEMAS: Establishing geochemical background and threshold for 53 chemical elements in European agricultural soil

Cited by 184 publications

References 38 publications

Geochemical distribution and threshold values determination of heavy metals in stream water in the sub-basins of Vermelho and Sororó rivers, Itacaiúnas River watershed, Eastern Amazon, Brazil

Geochemical distribution and threshold values determination of heavy metals in stream water in the sub-basins of Vermelho and Sororó rivers, Itacaiúnas River watershed, Eastern Amazon, Brazil

Geochemical background and threshold for 47 chemical elements in Slovenian topsoil

Kennisvragen Nutriëntenkringloop & Bodemvruchtbaarheid : Cijfers en inzichten ten behoeve van de transitieagenda voor de Werkgroep Nutriëntenkringloop & Bodemvruchtbaarheid

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