Gender, age, and attitude toward competition

Eber, Nicolas; Audigier, François; Weill, Laurent

doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.022

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Following the previous literature (Eber et al, 2021; Jaspers & Pieters, 2016; Mendoza et al, 2017), we used two different analytic methods to detect the nonlinear relationship between the MI (predictor) and financial literacy (outcome). In the first approach, we conducted multilevel modeling, including linear (MI) and quadratic terms (MI 2 ) as the predictors, and HEI and HSI as the outcome variables.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provincial marketization and individual financial literacy in China.

Xin¹,

Yang²

2023

Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics

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In the past decades, China has experienced a process of marketization, but the levels of marketization in each province are imbalanced. The present research examines how provincial-level marketization predicts individual-level financial literacy in China by investigating a nationally representative sample with a set of standardized financial literacy tests. The results showed a positive association with a diminishing return between marketization and the Homo economicus index of financial literacy, including financial knowledge, financial capacity, and financial management values. Furthermore, there was a U-shaped relationship between marketization and the Homo sociologicus index of financial literacy, including wealth values and financial ethics. The findings not only contribute to understanding the nonmonotonic roles of marketization on different facets of financial literacy but also point to an institutional avenue for policymakers and practitioners interested in improving individual financial literacy.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provincial marketization and individual financial literacy in China.

Xin¹,

Yang²

2023

Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics

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“…Following the advice of Spector and Brannick (2011), we include theoretically relevant control variables that previous literature suggests influence trust and perceptions of free-market competition. At the individual-level, we control for demographic variables such as social class, age, gender, and education because they influence attitudes toward competition (Eber, François, and Weill 2021) and trust in institutions (Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales 2003). Social class is measured on a five-point rating scale.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature suggests that perceptions of free-market competition exist on a spectrum from “preferences for state-planned economy and egalitarian distribution of resources” to “preferences for… complete market allocation of resources and individual economic freedom” (Pecot, Vasilopoulou, and Cavallaro 2021, p. 63). Sociodemographic characteristics are key drivers of perceptions of free-market competition (Eber, François, and Weill 2021; Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales 2003), but attitudinal variables also contribute to perceptions of free-market competition. For example, trust in market-related institutions (e.g., businesses, banking systems) is positively correlated with better functioning marketplaces (Ekici and Peterson 2009).…”

Section: Conceptual Framework and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Curvilinear Role of Trust in Marketing Systems: Analysis of a Moderated-Mediation Model with Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Manis

Cockrell

Friske

2023

Journal of Macromarketing

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Trust has long been recognized as an important component of marketing systems. However, while macromarketing researchers argue that a lack of trust in business can impact other components of marketing systems, very few empirical studies in marketing investigate the determinants or outcomes associated with this type of trust. Accordingly, we begin with the premise that trust in major corporations is a critical, micro-level attitude that affects the performance of a marketing system. Then, we investigate the factors that influence trust in major corporations by analyzing how perceptions of government involvement in business, political ideology, and other attitudinal and demographic variables affect trust. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we find that trust has a curvilinear relationship with perceptions of free-market competition, in which too much trust, or too little, leads to negative perceptions - trust plays a critical mediating role in constructing beliefs about free markets. Additionally, we show that macroeconomic variables influence the first stage of attitude formation toward major corporations, with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and foreign direct investment (FDI) acting as moderators in our analysis. Overall, the multi-level moderated-mediation model used in this research embodies a true systems approach to the analysis of marketing systems by demonstrating how the economic outcomes of marketing systems (e.g., GDP and FDI) can also have feedback effects on participants within a marketing system.

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“…Second, we have a relatively diverse sample in terms of national background compared to other experiments (with 120 out of 204 participants being from various different countries other than the Netherlands), making it unlikely that our results are driven by adverse selection in terms of national culture of competitiveness 2 . Third, although our sample consists of mostly younger people, research shows that younger people do not compete more than older adults 25 , 26 . Fourth, our observed competition rates are similar to the competition rates found in a prior experiment that used the same competition model (using the unallocated condition) but with a different sample in another country (Switzerland) and using somewhat different written instructions 13 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human competition is not lower if competing is socially wasteful instead of socially beneficial

Otten

2022

Sci Rep

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Humans compete for jobs, promotions, income, status, and many other scarce goods. In some situations, allocating scarce goods via competition is socially beneficial. In other situations, competition is not necessary to allocate goods, and nevertheless engaging in competition creates inefficiencies and welfare loss. We use an incentivized lab experiment to study whether people compete differently depending on whether allocating scarce goods via competition is socially wasteful or socially beneficial. We find that competition behavior is strikingly similar in situations where competing is socially wasteful and socially beneficial. Accordingly, there is large excess competition in situations of wasteful competition, creating considerable efficiency losses. We find evidence of a social trap involved in this excess competition. People are considerably more likely to compete if they believe others compete, and their beliefs on others’ competition are similar in situations where competing is socially wasteful and socially beneficial. Interventions aimed at lowering beliefs on others’ competition may be an effective method of lowering excess competition to prevent inefficiencies and welfare loss.

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Gender, age, and attitude toward competition

Cited by 7 publications

References 72 publications

Provincial marketization and individual financial literacy in China.

Provincial marketization and individual financial literacy in China.

The Curvilinear Role of Trust in Marketing Systems: Analysis of a Moderated-Mediation Model with Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Human competition is not lower if competing is socially wasteful instead of socially beneficial

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