Gender- and age-related differences in the width of attached gingiva and clinical crown length in anterior teeth

Abstract

Background The anatomical features of the gingiva and the clinical crowns and their interrelation, especially in aesthetically and functionally demanding areas, are important in complex dental or implant-retained prosthetic rehabilitations. This observational cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate gender- and age-related differences in the width of attached gingiva (WAG), the clinical crown length (CCL), and their interrelation in the anterior teeth to determine the relationship between the pink and white aesthetics. Methods Eighty (54 females, 26 males) fully dentate Caucasian participants between the ages of 20 and 25 years and 36 probands (23 females, 13 males) between the ages of 45 and 55 years were included in the present study. The CCL of the maxillary and mandibular canines, as well as the central incisors of the maxilla and mandible, were determined with a dental sliding caliper measuring from the middle margin of the gingiva at its deepest point to the incisal edge. The clinical investigation of the WAG was performed by inserting a periodontal probe into the gingival sulcus in the middle of the buccal surface to firstly measure the probing pocket depth. The distance between the gingival margin and mucogingival junction (MGJ) was then measured with a Beerendonk sliding caliper in the middle of the labial curvature, and the clinical WAG was determined by subtraction of the measured probing depth. For the statistical analysis, the Mann–Whitney U test, the Wilcoxon-Test, the Spearman’s rank correlation, and a two-factorial non-parametric analysis were used. Results There was no correlation between the CCL and the WAG in a healthy periodontium. Gender influenced the CCL, with men having significantly longer teeth than women in both maxilla (P ≤ 0.01) and mandible (P ≤ 0.05). Age did not influence the CCL significantly neither in the upper (P = 0.06) nor in the lower jaw (P = 0.33). Gender did not show to have a significant influence on the WAG of maxilla (P = 0.69) and mandible (P = 0.26). But differences in the WAG between young and old participants were observed in both upper (P ≤ 0.01) and lower jaw (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion The present observational study demonstrated that the mean values of cohorts with mixed age groups and genders should not be considered when attempting to determine the ideal relationships between the pink and white aesthetics since the statistical analyses showed significant differences between different age groups and genders.

Evaluation of Width and Thickness of Attached Gingiva and Its Association with Age, Gender and Arch Location in Nepalese Population

“…(Table 3) These results were similar with the studies done by Chandulal et al [31], Shaju Jacob P, Zade RM [15], Pradhan et al [26] and Alhajj et al [34]. But in the research by Kolte et al [12], D Rouck et al [35] and Jennes et al [33] where female had less WAG.…”

“…In this study, participants were categorized into three age groups, and the WAG was measured and compared among these groups. The statistically signi cant difference in the average WAG among the three age groups was noticed (p-value < 0.001 [33] suggested an increase in the WAG with age, while Adesola et al [27] observed no association between the WAG and age. In a study done by P Shaju Jacob & RM Zade [15] in Indian population, the maximum WAG was in middle years age group and lowest in older years age group.…”

Revisiting the measurement of keratinized gingiva: a cross-sectional study comparing an intraoral scanner with clinical parameters

“…Previous studies have reported that the thinnest gingiva was found in canines among the maxillary anterior teeth [ 16 17 ]. There are conflicting results regarding the influence of sex on gingival phenotype [ 16 23 31 32 ]. In our study, we observed no differences between female and male participants, which is in line with some previous studies [ 16 23 ] but contradicts others [ 31 32 ].…”

Assessment of the correlation between supracrestal gingival tissue dimensions and other periodontal phenotypes components via the digital registration method: a cross‑sectional study in a Chinese population

“…Various methods for measuring PP components have been documented, encompassing histological measurements, clinical examinations [ 19 ] and digital assessment [ 20 , 21 ]. Previous studies have demonstrated that digital assessment using CBCT imaging was effective and noninvasive to characterize the phenotypic features of the periodontium compared with clinical methods and histologic assessments [ 22 – 26 ].…”