Gender and Employment in the COVID-19 Recession: Evidence on “She-cessions”

Bluedorn, John; Hansen, Niels-Jakob; Shibata, Ippei; Caselli, Francesca; Tavares, Marina Mendes

doi:10.5089/9781513575926.001

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In recent years, “invisible” poverty has been reported to have become more severe among the younger generation, especially among single-mother households in Japan [ 32 - 34 ]. Furthermore, compared to the economic downturn caused by the Lehman Brothers shock, which had a large impact on males in the manufacturing industry, the economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has had a large impact on females and is sometimes referred to as she-cession [ 8 , 35 ]. A decrease of 700,000 female workers against 390,000 male workers has occurred in Japan since the COVID-19 pandemic began.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have reported that employment status and economic factors are associated with suicide [ 6 , 7 ], which may have increased because of the impact of the pandemic on the labor market. Unlike the Lehman Brothers shock, which had a major impact on the manufacturing industry and the male labor market, the influence of COVID-19 has had a strong adverse impact on the female labor market and has been referred to as “she-cessions” [ 8 ]. Furthermore, women in Japan are likely to be at higher risk than men because they have often lagged in terms of educational standards and working conditions and have been severely affected by the pandemic [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting the Number of Suicides in Japan Using Internet Search Queries: Vector Autoregression Time Series Model

Taira¹,

Hosokawa²,

Itatani³

et al. 2021

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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Background The number of suicides in Japan increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Predicting the number of suicides is important to take timely preventive measures. Objective This study aims to clarify whether the number of suicides can be predicted by suicide-related search queries used before searching for the keyword “suicide.” Methods This study uses the infoveillance approach for suicide in Japan by search trends in search engines. The monthly number of suicides by gender, collected and published by the National Police Agency, was used as an outcome variable. The number of searches by gender with queries associated with “suicide” on “Yahoo! JAPAN Search” from January 2016 to December 2020 was used as a predictive variable. The following five phrases highly relevant to suicide were used as search terms before searching for the keyword “suicide” and extracted and used for analyses: “abuse”; “work, don’t want to go”; “company, want to quit”; “divorce”; and “no money.” The augmented Dickey-Fuller and Johansen tests were performed for the original series and to verify the existence of unit roots and cointegration for each variable, respectively. The vector autoregression model was applied to predict the number of suicides. The Breusch-Godfrey Lagrangian multiplier (BG-LM) test, autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity Lagrangian multiplier (ARCH-LM) test, and Jarque-Bera (JB) test were used to confirm model convergence. In addition, a Granger causality test was performed for each predictive variable. Results In the original series, unit roots were found in the trend model, whereas in the first-order difference series, both men (minimum tau 3: −9.24; max tau 3: −5.38) and women (minimum tau 3: −9.24; max tau 3: −5.38) had no unit roots for all variables. In the Johansen test, a cointegration relationship was observed among several variables. The queries used in the converged models were “divorce” for men (BG-LM test: P=.55; ARCH-LM test: P=.63; JB test: P=.66) and “no money” for women (BG-LM test: P=.17; ARCH-LM test: P=.15; JB test: P=.10). In the Granger causality test for each variable, “divorce” was significant for both men (F104=3.29; P=.04) and women (F104=3.23; P=.04). Conclusions The number of suicides can be predicted by search queries related to the keyword “suicide.” Previous studies have reported that financial poverty and divorce are associated with suicide. The results of this study, in which search queries on “no money” and “divorce” predicted suicide, support the findings of previous studies. Further research on the economic poverty of women and those with complex problems is necessary.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the Number of Suicides in Japan Using Internet Search Queries: Vector Autoregression Time Series Model

Taira¹,

Hosokawa²,

Itatani³

et al. 2021

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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“…The reductions in female participation are explained by the departure of women from the labor market to dedicate themselves to the care of their children. In an analysis of the labor markets of 20 developed and developing countries, Bluedorn et al (2021) found that women had experienced greater reductions in the participation rate than men, and that these differences explained the differentiated impacts by gender of the Covid pandemic. Data corresponding to April-June 2020, in relation to the same quarter of 2019, published by ECLAC (2021c) for eight Latin American countries, show that the pandemic has led to more pronounced job losses for the young population between 15 and 24 years than for the population over 24 years of age.…”

Section: Repercussions Of the Covid Pandemic On Employmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors concluded by emphasizing the importance of offering cash transfers and food to the low-income population to ensure that quarantines were effective in stopping the spread of the pandemic. Bluedorn et al (2021) have pointed out that there is no basis for forecasting which sectors will be the fastest to ijef.ccsenet.org International Journal of Economics and Finance Vol. 13, No.10;2021…”

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confidence: 99%

Youth Unemployment in Mexico and Central America

Cáceres¹

2021

IJEF

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The objective of this paper is to identify the variables that determine female and male youth unemployment rates, as well as female and male self-employment rates, in Mexico and Central American countries. The methodology of the analysis rests on the estimation of VAR models with panel data from the period 1990-2018. The results indicate that there are gender differences in the behaviour of unemployment and self-employment rates: remittances increase female unemployment, but not male unemployment; the human development index and economic growth rate reduce male unemployment, but not female unemployment. In addition, female and male self-employment rates fall with the rise in the human development index, but only the male one falls to rising economic growth. These results had not been reported in the literature. The paper also presents a review of labor market developments in Latin America associated with the Covid pandemic. The main recommendation from this paper is that social policies related to unemployment must take explicit steps to address the difficulties young women face in the labour market. This paper is original since there are very few studies of youth unemployment for Latin American countries; it is the first to be based on the estimation of VAR models. The work concludes with a number of policy recommendations that should be put in place to combat the “culture” of abuse and discrimination faced by women in the labour market.

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“…The devastating economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been shown to differ widely among demographic and socioeconomic groups (Chetty et al, 2020). Although the issue of young individuals being one of the categories hit the most has been vocally raised in Europe (Eurofound, 2020) and extensively acknowledged in the literature (Lee et al, 2021;Alon et al, 2021;Bluedorn et al, 2021;Adams-Prassl et al, 2020;Blustein et al, 2020), surprisingly there are few specific quantitative studies on the topic. In this paper, we investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the careers of young individuals aged 15-34 in Italy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young people between education and the labour market during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy

Fiaschi,

Tealdi

2021

Preprint

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We analyse the distribution and the flows between different types of employment (selfemployment, temporary, and permanent), unemployment, education, and other types of inactivity, with particular focus on the duration of the school-to-work transition (STWT).The aim is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy on the careers of individuals aged 15-34. We find that the pandemic worsened an already concerning situation of higher unemployment and inactivity rates and significantly longer STWT duration compared to other EU countries, particularly for females and residents in the South of Italy. In the midst of the pandemic, individuals aged 20-29 were less in (permanent and temporary) employment and more in the NLFET (Neither in the Labour Force nor in Education or Training) state, particularly females and non Italian citizens. We also provide evidence of an increased propensity to return to schooling, but most importantly of a substantial prolongation of the STWT duration towards permanent employment, mostly for males and non Italian citizens. Our contribution lies in providing a rigorous estimation and analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the carriers of young individuals in Italy, which has not yet been explored in the literature.

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Gender and Employment in the COVID-19 Recession: Evidence on “She-cessions”

Cited by 35 publications

References 9 publications

Predicting the Number of Suicides in Japan Using Internet Search Queries: Vector Autoregression Time Series Model

Predicting the Number of Suicides in Japan Using Internet Search Queries: Vector Autoregression Time Series Model

Youth Unemployment in Mexico and Central America

Young people between education and the labour market during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy

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