Gender and Entrepreneurship in Iran

Bahramitash, Roksana; Esfahani, Hadi Salehi

doi:10.1080/19436149.2014.949935

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Instead, their initial financing came from friends and family with some regional variations. In Iran, access to capital seems to be an equally big problem for both genders (Bahramitash and Esfahani, 2014). As to Tunisia, half of the women there have access to formal funding (Weeks, 2009), while women in the KSA control significant enough wealth to fund themselves.…”

Section: General Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As to Tunisia, half of the women there have access to formal funding (Weeks, 2009), while women in the KSA control significant enough wealth to fund themselves. Other challenges frequently addressed in the literature include lack of skilled workers (Zamberi Ahmad, 2010; Goby and Erogul, 2011;Bahramitash and Esfahani, 2014;Weeks, 2009), expensive bureaucratic processes (Zamberi Ahmad, 2010; Weeks, 2014), lack of managerial skills (Welsh et al, 2014) and limited access to training (Zeidan and Bahrami, 2011;Weeks, 2009;Welsh et al, 2014). On the macro level, the literature shows how pervasive cultural norms "trickle down" to the cognitive social constructions of individuals and influence their beliefs and ideas of appropriate behavior in society (Achtenhagen and Welter, 2003).…”

Section: General Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Women entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa

2018

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Purpose This paper aims to attempt to collate and understand the fragmented research on female entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The review assesses the literature at the macro, meso and micro analysis levels and addresses the obstacles, challenges, motivations and characteristics of female entrepreneurship in the MENA region. Design/methodology/approach The analysis bases on a gender aware, narrative review, which is an appropriate method when aggregating studies of different methodological approaches, covering broad and fragmented topics in different settings. The study analyzes the areas that have received sufficient research attention and those which are still under-developed. Findings Important gaps in the field are lack of theoretical foundations; an over emphasis on macro level indicators, such as culture and religion and an under emphasis on organizational level variables; a lack of studies that analyze female entrepreneurship within ethnic groups, or studies that acknowledge the complex social, cultural and religious diversity of the region; and inattention to particular regional experiences (e.g. refugees crisis) and emerging trends. Originality/value This is the first integrative review of the literature in the growing field of female entrepreneurship in the MENA region that identifies areas of particular research interest and questions that are still under-developed. The study proposes further avenues for future research.

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Section: General Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa

2018

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“…Their study results suggest that entrepreneurship rate among Iranian women falls within the regional variation and remains low relative to other regions of world outside Asia. Further, (Bahramitash & Esfahani, 2014) highlight some of the notable characteristics of female entrepreneurship, indicating a high presence in the service sector, especially gendersegregated activities, as well as in some new and growing industries such as electronics and information technology. Female-owned enterprises tend to face particular challenges in accessing some infrastructure services, such as the Internet, which is a critical cog towards success in international trade.…”

Section: Globalization Entrepreneurship and Gender Equalitymentioning

confidence: 87%

“…There is increasing interest in the role of women in entrepreneurship, yet little research has been conducted about its link with internationalization patterns. (Bahramitash & Esfahani, 2014) argue that although female entrepreneurship has become a globally important topic in recent years, in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, the topic remains under-researched despite the significance of female entrepreneurship as a means of addressing the disproportionately high unemployment level within the educated female work force. Their study results suggest that entrepreneurship rate among Iranian women falls within the regional variation and remains low relative to other regions of world outside Asia.…”

Section: Globalization Entrepreneurship and Gender Equalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Globalization: Do African Women Entrepreneurs Matter?

Ndemo

Mkalama

2020

Int. j. manag. entrep. res

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Even with the increased number of women enterprises and efforts to help women entrepreneurs in Africa exploit the potential benefits globalization, gender inequalities (perception and treatment of women in Africa) still stand in their way. This paper seeks to address three questions: First, what the literature suggests with respect to re-thinking alternative analytical approaches to a new understanding of globalization, entrepreneurship and gender equality in global commerce. This will be followed by the question on how Africa conceptualizes women entrepreneurship and lastly, if the current African conceptualization of women entrepreneurs could precipitate exploitation of opportunities that the emerging global order presents. The literature suggests that women still have a long way to go in changing environmental forces and perceptions to fully exploit their potential in the global stage. A new theoretical way of analyzing their progress is imperative.

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“…Because of several reasons, such as the lack of foreign investments due to longstanding international sanctions, economic mismanagement, corruption and high inflation [100], only 695 SMEs were fully active in the year of the study. The majority of SMEs belonged to the mining and metals (e.g., steel, iron, crop), and agriculture sectors.…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Thinking Style Make a Difference in Environmental Perception and Orientation? Evidence from Entrepreneurs in Post-Sanction Iran

2018

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Styles of thinking set different paths for an entrepreneur's perception and strategic action. In order to understand the environmental consequences of a thinking style, we investigated the relations between entrepreneurs' linear and nonlinear styles of thinking with their perception of environmental uncertainty in their businesses. Furthermore, we tested the effect of the entrepreneurs' linear and nonlinear style of thinking on their newly established firms' orientation towards preserving the surrounding internal and external environment. Entrepreneurs with linear or rational thinking styles prefer more tangible data, information, facts, and analytical tools, and entrepreneurs with nonlinear or non-rational thinking styles rely more on internal feelings, impressions, imagination, creativity, and sensations when making important organizational decisions. By using cross-sectional survey data from 144 entrepreneurs in post-sanction Iran (2016-2017), we found that entrepreneurs with a linear style of thinking, in comparison to entrepreneurs with a nonlinear style of thinking, perceive a higher level of environmental state, effect, and response uncertainty in their business context. Furthermore, our survey results reveal that newly established firms by entrepreneurs with nonlinear styles of thinking have a more external environmental orientation, while newly established firms by entrepreneurs with a linear style of thinking have a more internal environmental orientation. Recognizing this contingency advances our understanding of how entrepreneurs perceive and enact their environments.

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Gender and Entrepreneurship in Iran

Cited by 11 publications

References 6 publications

Women entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa

Women entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa

Globalization: Do African Women Entrepreneurs Matter?

Does Thinking Style Make a Difference in Environmental Perception and Orientation? Evidence from Entrepreneurs in Post-Sanction Iran

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