Gender and entrepreneurship: Research frameworks, barriers and opportunities for women entrepreneurship worldwide

Strawser, Joyce A.; Hechavarría, Diana; Passerini, Katia

doi:10.1080/00472778.2021.1965615

Cited by 65 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/1355-2554.htm when compared to salaried employment (Bosma et al, 2021). Most importantly, a gender gap and specific barriers to (as well as opportunities for) women entrepreneurship have been identified (Strawser et al, 2021). Indeed, the rate of entrepreneurial activity in women is lower than the rate in men across most countries worldwide for both early stage entrepreneurial activity and established business ownership (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Think entrepreneur – think male”: the effect of reduced gender stereotype threat on women's entrepreneurial intention and opportunity motivation

Laguía

Wach

García-Ael

et al. 2022

IJEBR

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PurposeEntrepreneurship, which traditionally has been a male occupation, still attracts fewer women than men. Challenging gender stereotypes within entrepreneurship is one avenue to increase women's entrepreneurial intention and promote women entrepreneurship. This study adapts the “think manager – think male” leadership perspective to the entrepreneurship context and explores gender stereotype's implications for both entrepreneurial intention and motivation to become an entrepreneur.Design/methodology/approachA total of 902 Spanish non-entrepreneurs, both male and female, were randomly asked about the representation of successful entrepreneurs (no-gender-mention), successful men entrepreneurs or successful women entrepreneurs (reduced stereotype threat condition vs no-gender-mention or men entrepreneurs' conditions). Then, female participants' entrepreneurial intention, its antecedents (i.e. attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) and necessity vs opportunity motivation were measured and compared to their male counterparts' scores in those three conditions.FindingsFemale participants reported higher entrepreneurial intention, self-efficacy and opportunity motivation when assigned to the successful women entrepreneurs' condition. Younger participants – compared to older ones – also exhibited higher entrepreneurial intention and opportunity motivation, more positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship and higher scores in subjective norms. Furthermore, findings suggest a woman entrepreneur seems to be less accessible (or more counter-stereotypical) to male participants than to female participants and, thus, the “think entrepreneur – think male” bias is more noticeable in male participants. Therefore, reducing negative stereotype threat for women in entrepreneurship may increase women's entrepreneurial career aspirations. This is of utmost importance to optimize training courses and mentoring programs to strengthen women's self-efficacy in their entrepreneurial skills and capabilities.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature about gender, entrepreneurial intention and motivation by adapting a leadership paradigm (“think manager – think male”) to entrepreneurship (“think entrepreneur – think male”). These findings shed new light on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention and motivation and have implications for policy measures. Acknowledging that exposure to successful women entrepreneurs as role models potentially facilitates entrepreneurship among women, governments should provide tailor-made incentives and support for women entrepreneurs in the form of awareness raising, networking and in the mass media.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, 2021). Most importantly, a gender gap and specific barriers to (as well as opportunities for) women entrepreneurship have been identified (Strawser et al. , 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Think entrepreneur – think male”: the effect of reduced gender stereotype threat on women's entrepreneurial intention and opportunity motivation

Laguía

Wach

García-Ael

et al. 2022

IJEBR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, the increasing acknowledgment of gender differences in entrepreneurial activity (Gatewood, Carter, Brush, Greene, & Hart, 2003; Henry et al, 2016; Kim, Lee, & Yeo, 2021) has not been reflected in the innovation domain. Thus, to achieve a better understanding of innovation by women entrepreneurs and to move the field forward, it is important to acknowledge the evolution of both gender‐based entrepreneurship research (Ahl, 2006; Jennings & Brush, 2013; Peake & Eddleston, 2021; Strawser et al, 2021) and innovation research in general (Alsos et al, 2013; Pecis, 2016; Pecis & Berglund, 2021; Poutanen & Kovalainen, 2013).…”

Section: The Role Of Gender Dynamics In Shaping Innovation In Entrepr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, there has been much progress in examining women's entrepreneurship (Jennings & Brush, 2013; Peake & Eddleston, 2021; Strawser, Hechavarría, & Passerini, 2021), including research that explores the gendered nature of entrepreneurial ecosystems (Brush, Edelman, Manolova, & Welter, 2019; McAdam, Harrison, & Leitch, 2019), gender differences in entrepreneurs' motivations and success (Eddleston & Powell, 2008; Manolova, Brush, Edelman, & Shaver, 2012; Marlow & McAdam, 2013), and gendered challenges to business growth (Brush, Greene, Balachandra, & Davis, 2018; Edelman, Donnelly, Manolova, & Brush, 2018; Ladge, Eddleston, & Sugiyama, 2019). However, this work does not put innovation by women entrepreneurs or their innovative ventures at the core of its inquiry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalyzing change: Innovation in women's entrepreneurship

Brush

Eddleston

Edelman

et al. 2022

Strategic Entrepreneurship

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Entrepreneurship and innovation are social and relational processes that occur in diverse contexts involving multiple stakeholders. Recently, research in entrepreneurship has begun to explore entrepreneurial processes through the lens of gender. However, unlike its entrepreneurship counterpart, innovation research has paid limited attention to gender dynamics. Indeed, the majority of studies on innovation focus on products, processes, or organizations, with the individual often not "seen." This special issue recognizes the intertwined nature of gender, innovation, and entrepreneurship, and in doing so, presents five articles that develop new theory and provide new empirical evidence on the topic of innovation in women's entrepreneurship. Collectively, they offer new perspectives and open new avenues for future work. In structuring this editorial, we present an overview of the state of the field, provide a multilevel future research agenda, and introduce the articles that comprise this special issue.Despite the importance of entrepreneurship and innovation for economies and societies world-wide, innovation and gender are rarely explored together. Indeed, limited attention has been placed on the gendered nature of the relations among innovators, entrepreneurs, and processes. This special issue includes five articles, which address this gap from multiple perspectives. The editorial describes the state of the field prior to the special issue, introduces the special issue articles, and identifies a multilevel perspective suggesting avenues for further investigation.Innovation is an important engine of economic development and a driver of social progress, economic recovery, and sustainability (Eriksson, 2014;Garcia & Calantone, 2002). Academic research on the role of innovation in economic and social change has expanded rapidly since the 1960s (Eriksson, 2014;Fagerberg, Mowery, & Nelson, 2005). Despite this, most innovation research focuses on where innovation takes place as opposed to who takes part in it. This lack of focus on people in the innovation process ensures that the gender perspectives and other personal characteristics of the scientists, technologists, and innovators remain invisible (Etzkowitz & Kemelgor, 2001). As a result, we have limited understanding of the gender dimension in innovation and how a feminine perspective may contribute to innovation research (Pecis & Berglund, 2021).In contrast, there has been much progress in examining women's entrepreneurship (Jennings & Brush, 2013;

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“…In less-developed economies, the ratio of male/female startups is closing only because women are establishing necessity-based ventures . The editors of a recent special issue on Gender and Entrepreneurship (Strawser et al. , 2021) observe that:Given the critical goal of increasing women's engagement in sustainable entrepreneurial ventures, research projects that focus on identifying barriers to success and advancing potential solutions are likely to provide the greatest value and impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How coaching services help early stage entrepreneurs: an exploration of gender differences

Nicholls‐Nixon

Maxheimer

2022

JSBED

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PurposeEntrepreneurial support organizations, such as business incubators and accelerators (BIAs), provide coaching as a core element of their service offering for startups. Yet little is known about how coaching creates value from the entrepreneur's perspective. This is an important issue given that entrepreneurship is recognized as a gendered phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to explore how the coaching services provided during incubation create value for men and women entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approachFocusing on university business incubators, our comparative qualitative study of 18 men and women entrepreneurs takes a grounded theorizing approach, and draws abductively on entrepreneurial learning theory, to explore the dimensions of coaching services that support venture development and explain gender differences.FindingsThe emergent explanatory model suggests that venture development is supported by coaching service design (at the incubator level) and by coaching content and rapport (at the entrepreneur-coach dyad level). Gender differences were observed in the emphasis placed on accessibility of coaching services provided by the incubator and the guidance provided by the coaches. We theorize that these findings reflect differences in entrepreneurial learning.Practical implicationsTo better support entrepreneurial learning, gender differences should be considered in both the design and delivery of coaching services.Originality/valueOur findings provide deeper insight about how coaching services create value for entrepreneurs by revealing explanatory dimensions at two levels of analysis and theorizing the interrelationship between entrepreneurial learning, gender and venture development.

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Gender and entrepreneurship: Research frameworks, barriers and opportunities for women entrepreneurship worldwide

Cited by 65 publications

References 16 publications

“Think entrepreneur – think male”: the effect of reduced gender stereotype threat on women's entrepreneurial intention and opportunity motivation

“Think entrepreneur – think male”: the effect of reduced gender stereotype threat on women's entrepreneurial intention and opportunity motivation

Catalyzing change: Innovation in women's entrepreneurship

How coaching services help early stage entrepreneurs: an exploration of gender differences

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