Gender and Infrastructure in the World Bank

Ferguson, Lucy; Harman, Sophie

doi:10.1111/dpr.12128

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Entrepreneurship research has highlighted the difficulties faced by women who wish to become entrepreneurs (Baughn et al, 2006;Minniti, 2009), particularly in developing countries and in high-growth innovative entrepreneurship (Minniti et al, 2006;Verheul et al, 2006;Langowitz and Minniti, 2007;Kobeissi, 2010;Malach-Pines et al, 2010;Minniti and Naud e, 2010;Estrin and Mickiewicz, 2011;Ferguson and Harman, 2015). Due to these difficulties, women may benefit particularly from entrepreneurship training (Ghosh and Cheruvalath, 2007).…”

Section: Gender Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender, entrepreneurship and development: which policies matter?

Marqués

2017

Development Policy Review

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Data for 40 developing countries in the period 2005 to 2010 are used to study the gendered impact of country‐level conditioning (financial environment, government quality and support, education quality and entrepreneurship know‐how, innovation environment and support, business infrastructure, entrepreneurial culture and society and gender roles) on the choice made by early‐stage entrepreneurs regarding the routine level of the sector of activity in which they are starting their business, with lower routine levels linked to higher economic growth. The business infrastructure of a country is a core factor for facilitating entry into medium‐low routine sectors, followed by education quality and entrepreneurship know‐how. Women entrepreneurs benefit to a larger extent from innovation environment and support, but gender roles may deter their entry into medium‐low routine sectors.

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Section: Gender Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender, entrepreneurship and development: which policies matter?

Marqués

2017

Development Policy Review

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“…However, this information about the gender informed indicator is not included in the PO database, which is the primary resource that external researchers use to identify Bank projects, obtain financial and evaluative information about these projects, and download relevant project documents 8 , 16 . Projects with gender themes within the PO dataset comprised only 1.3% (1985–1989) to 6.2% (2010–2016) of all Bank commitments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mainstreaming as rhetoric or reality? Gender and global health at the World Bank

Winters¹,

Fernandes²,

McGivern³

et al. 2018

Wellcome Open Res

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Background: Over the past decade gender mainstreaming has gained visibility at global health organisations. The World Bank, one of the largest funders of global health activities, released two World Development Reports showcasing its gender policies, and recently announced a $1 billion initiative for women’s entrepreneurship. We summarise the development of the Bank’s gender policies and analyse its financing of gender projects in the health sector. This article is intended to provide background for future research on the Bank’s gender and global health portfolio. Methods: First, we constructed a timeline of the Bank’s gender policy development, through a review of published articles, grey literature, and Bank documents and reports. Second, we performed a health-focused analysis of publicly available Bank gender project databases, to track its financing of health sector projects with a gender ‘theme’ from 1985-2017. Results: The Bank’s gender policy developed through four major phases from 1972-2017: ‘women in development’ (WID), institutionalisation of WID, gender mainstreaming, and gender equality through ‘smart economics’. In the more inclusive Bank project database, projects with a gender theme comprised between 1.3% (1985-1989) and 6.2% (2010-2016) of all Bank commitments. Most funding targeted middle-income countries and particular health themes, including communicable diseases and health systems. Major gender-related trust funds were absent from both databases. The Bank reports that 98% of its lending is ‘gender informed’, which indicates that the gender theme used in its publicly available project databases is poorly aligned with its criteria for gender informed projects. Conclusion: The Bank focused most of its health sector gender projects on women’s and girls’ issues. It is increasingly embracing private sector financing of its gender activities, which may impact its poverty alleviation agenda. Measuring the success of gender mainstreaming in global health will require the Bank to release more information about its gender indicators and projects.

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“…Moreover, the directive policies do not necessarily reproduce effective, complementary ensembles at the operational level (Molenaers, Gagiano, & Renard, ). Some discourses, for instance, may become incompatible with each other in the context of a project, while others may become operationally marginalized under the pressure of more dominant discourses (Ferguson & Harman, ; Rossi, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of different discourses on the outcomes of development policies and projects: Insights from water project implementation in Nepal

Haapala

Keskinen

2018

Env Pol Gov

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This study develops a systematic, participatory research method to study the impacts of different discourses on the outcomes of development policies and projects. The method visualizes relationships between key project discourses, enabling comparisons to be made between stated and actual discourses, and recognition of mutual synergies or inconsistencies among the discourses.Case study analysis of a rural water resources management project in Nepal demonstrates the ways in which individual responses from project specialists, combined together, lead to distinct hierarchical groups and clusters of discourses that reflect the day-to-day ways in which policies and projects are implemented. The paper discusses the ways in which project and organizational management could utilize the analysis in project planning, team formation, monitoring and supervision to meet external policy requirements, fit with local realities, and improve policy and project outcomes. Other instruments of development, such as sectoral, programmatic, and microcredit approaches, also become often "projectified" at the operational levels (Rondinelli, 2013, p. 6; Sjöblom et al., 2013, p. 3). From one perspective, development project organizations then function as simple implementation and innovation platforms for the policies. According to this view, external policies direct the ways in which development projects are allowed to operate (Ferguson, 1994; Rondinelli, 2013, pp. 5-6;Rossi, 2004). From a broader viewpoint, project organizations are not only mechanical devices of development, but their operation also depends on local, internal values and participation mechanisms (Cleaver, 2012;Haapala, Rautanen, White, Keskinen, & Varis, 2016;Tortajada, 2014). They promote embedded societal goals and reflect the characteristics of the surrounding society (Cleaver, 2012;Haapala et al., 2016;Tortajada, 2014).Various tensions between directive policies, project implementation and local realities can be further characterized in the project context.Here we identify four types of such implementation tensions (Figure 1). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Gender and Infrastructure in the World Bank

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Gender, entrepreneurship and development: which policies matter?

Gender, entrepreneurship and development: which policies matter?

Mainstreaming as rhetoric or reality? Gender and global health at the World Bank

Influence of different discourses on the outcomes of development policies and projects: Insights from water project implementation in Nepal

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