Gender and leprosy: case studies in Indonesia, Nigeria, Nepal and Brazil

Varkevisser, Corlien M.; Lever, Peter; Alubo, Ogoh; Burathoki, Kamala; Idawani, Cut; Moreira, Tatiana M A; Patrobas, Phillip; Yulizar, Media

doi:10.47276/lr.80.1.65

Cited by 79 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Another study done in Brazil found that leprosy tend to happen on adults compare to children below 15 years old, this believed to be caused by the long incubation time of this infection 12 . A study done by Varkevisser et al 13 in Indonesia, Nigeria, Nepal, and Brazil found similar results with our study where male had higher proportion than female in leprosy subjects. This might be caused by some cultural beliefs that female need permissions by their husbands or families to go to a doctor for examination and also male tend to be more afraid to lose their social and economical status which makes them looking for treatment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This might be caused by some cultural beliefs that female need permissions by their husbands or families to go to a doctor for examination and also male tend to be more afraid to lose their social and economical status which makes them looking for treatment. Higher mobility and social stigma in those countries may also contribute to the higher case found in male 13 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation of Plasma Level of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) with Bacterial Index on Leprosy Patients in Bali

et al. 2020

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Background: Leprosy is an infection by Mycobacterium leprae, which influenced by cellular immunity. Leprosy tends to occur in low socioeconomic and nutrition groups. Researchers try to prove the role of nutrition in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) as a marker of nutritional status shown to play a role in cellular immunity. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between IGF-1 with bacterial index (BI) on leprosy patients in Bali. Methods: Cross-sectional study in Sanglah Public General Hospital, Denpasar of patients with paucibacillary (PB) and multibacillary (MB) leprosy were assessed for BI using slit-skin smear. All patients were tested for plasma IGF-1 using chemiluminescent immunometric assay Immulite. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 24.0. The study has been approved by local Institutional Review Board with ethical clearance number 2017.02.1.0356. Results: Our study involved 44 MB and 2 PB leprosy. The common age group affected was between 31∼40 years old (23.9%), male (60.9%), and normal body mass index (BMI) (65.2%). Mean plasma IGF-1 level in PB leprosy was higher (91.07±0.74 ng/ml) than MB (82.74±6.44 ng/ml). The mean IGF-1 level decreases as BI increases in both groups (CI 95%=81.16∼85.04; p＜ 0.001). Pearson correlation test shows strong negative correlation (Pearson r=−0.976; p＜0.001) with determinant coefficient (R2) showing 95.2% (p＜0.001). Conclusion: In Balinese leprosy patients, severity of disease status measured by BI were found to be strongly correlated with the plasma IGF-1 level which may help preventing transmission in household contacts by improving nutritional status. (Ann Dermatol 32(5) 370∼374, 2020

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Plasma Level of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) with Bacterial Index on Leprosy Patients in Bali

et al. 2020

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“…Similar sex ratios are observed in other Asian countries, but the new case detection rate of leprosy is the same for both sexes in Africa and South America. Although suggested in literature, there is no hard evidence for a biological reason to explain the difference in case detection rate between males and females [18]. Therefore differences in social contact patterns between the sexes in Bangladesh could be an important factor that contributes to the higher risk of males to acquire leprosy in this area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social contact patterns and leprosy disease: a case-control study in Bangladesh

Feenstra

Nahar

Pahan³

et al. 2012

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Socioeconomic and culturally defined social contact patterns are expected to be an important determinant in the continuing transmission of Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy-endemic areas. In a case-control study in two districts in Bangladesh, we assessed the association between social contact patterns and the risk of acquiring clinical leprosy. Social contacts of 90 recently diagnosed patients were compared to those of 199 controls. Leprosy was associated with a more intensive social contact pattern in the home [odds ratio (OR) 1·09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·00-1·19, P = 0·043] and in the nearby neighbourhood (OR 1·07, 95% CI 1·03-1·11, P = 0·001). Although it is known that M. leprae spreads most easily within households of infected persons, in endemic areas social contacts within the neighbourhood, village or urban ward, also appear to be important for transmission. We advise that disease control measures in leprosy-endemic areas should not be limited to households, but include high-risk groups in the nearby neighbourhood of patients.

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“…Hormonal imbalance related to pregnancy and/or puerperium might be a possible cause of such occurrence ( Arora et al, 2008 ). With regard to MB prevalence, women are in an advantageous position compared with men and comprise a lower percentage of MB cases according to existing data ( Arora et al, 2008 , Chisi et al, 2003 , Hussein et al, 2010 , Peters and Eshiet, 2002 , Varkevisser et al, 2009 ). Most published data show that the incidence of chronic neuropathic ulcer is higher in men compared with women, which may be due to underdiagnosis in women ( Kunst, 2000 , Lema et al, 2012 , Tiendrebeogo et al, 1999 ).…”

Section: Gender-related Differencementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Affected women had to seek permission from their mother-in-law or husband to leave the homestead and needed escort and money for transportation and sometimes treatment. All of these factors impeded women in reporting for an early diagnosis and treatment ( Varkevisser et al, 2009 ).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Leprosy In Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leprosy and women

Sarkar

Pradhan

2016

International Journal of Women's Dermatology

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Leprosy has an impact on the physical, social, and psychological health of affected people. Women in developing countries seek health care late for any health-related issues. Leprosy, a disease known for its stigma, adds further to these facts. Also, close contact between women and family members, especially children, increases the chance of transmission to others and thereby increases the disease burden in the society. Hence, leprosy in women is an important issue for the affected patient, their family members, and society as a whole.

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Gender and leprosy: case studies in Indonesia, Nigeria, Nepal and Brazil

Cited by 79 publications

References 8 publications

Correlation of Plasma Level of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) with Bacterial Index on Leprosy Patients in Bali

Correlation of Plasma Level of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) with Bacterial Index on Leprosy Patients in Bali

Social contact patterns and leprosy disease: a case-control study in Bangladesh

Leprosy and women

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