Gender and obesity modify the impact of salt intake on blood pressure in children

Correia-Costa, Liane; Cosme, Dina; Nogueira‐Silva, Luís; Morato, Manuela; Sousa, Teresa; Moura, Cláudia; Mota, Cláudia; Guerra, António; Albino‐Teixeira, António; Areias, José Carlos; Schaefer, Franz; Lopes, Carla; Afonso, Alberto Caldas; Azevedo, Ana

doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3210-7

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…The opportunity to monitor both iodine and sodium excretion in a large sample lead us to estimate salt consumption in our study population. In spite of the limitation of applying the sodium excretion estimation equation validated for young adults, our results are comparable to those of a 24-h sodium excretion estimated among Portuguese children (6.4 ± 2.0 g/day in our study vs. 6.5 ± 2.2 g/day in Correia-Costa et al) [14]. The estimation of sodium intake in high risk iodine deficiency population groups from spot urine samples could be an opportunity for adequate monitoring of population means and progress towards public health goals [26].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…This approach was evaluated by comparing our results with recent data from a 24-h urine excretion in a similar Portuguese population [14].

For men: predicted 24-h urinary sodium excretion (mg/day) = 23 × {25.46 + [0.46 × spot sodium (mmol/L)] − [2.75 × spot creatinine (mmol/L)] − [0.13 × spot potassium (mmol/L)] + [4.10 × BMI (kg/m2)] + [0.26 × age (y)]}

For women: predicted 24-h urinary sodium excretion (mg/day) = 23 × {5.07 + [0.34 × spot sodium (mmol/L)] − [2.16 × spot creatinine (mmol/L)] − [0.09 × spot potassium (mmol/L)] + [2.39 × BMI (kg/m2)] + [2.35 × age (y)] – [0.03 × age2 (y)]}

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study

et al. 2017

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The World Health Organization promotes salt iodisation to control iodine deficiency. In Portugal, the use of iodised salt in school canteens has been mandatory since 2013. The present study aimed to evaluate iodine status in school-aged children (6–12 years) and to monitor the use of iodised salt in school canteens. A total of 2018 participants were randomly selected to participate in a cross-sectional survey in northern Portugal. Children’s urine and salt samples from households and school canteens were collected. A lifestyle questionnaire was completed by parents to assess children’s eating frequency of iodine food sources. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The median UIC was 129 µg/L which indicates the adequacy of iodine status and 32% of the children had UIC < 100 µg/L. No school canteen implemented the iodised salt policy and only 2% of the households were using iodised salt. Lower consumption of milk, but not fish, was associated with a higher risk of iodine deficiency. Estimation of sodium intake from spot urine samples could be an opportunity for adequate monitoring of population means. Implementation of iodine deficiency control policies should include a monitoring program aligned with the commitment of reducing the population salt intake.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…This approach was evaluated by comparing our results with recent data from a 24-h urine excretion in a similar Portuguese population [14].

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study

et al. 2017

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“…Of 1892 citations identified by the search, 13 studies from eight countries met inclusion criteria (Figure): 11 observational studies and two meta‐analyses . The primary outcomes of these 13 studies included mortality and cardiovascular events, blood pressure (BP) or diagnosis of hypertension, kidney disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity . Summary descriptions of the 13 included studies are listed in the Table and risk of bias assessments for all included studies are included in Appendix .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The science of salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (December 2015–March 2016)

Wong

Arcand

Leung

et al. 2017

J of Clinical Hypertension

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The purpose of this review was to identify, summarize, and critically appraise studies on dietary salt relating to health outcomes that were published from December 2015 to March 2016. The search strategy was adapted from a previous systematic review on dietary salt and health. Overall, 13 studies were included in the review: one study assessed cardiovascular events, nine studies assessed prevalence or incidence of blood pressure or hypertension, one study assessed kidney disease, and two studies assessed other health outcomes (obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease). Four studies were selected for detailed appraisal and commentary. One study met the minimum methodologic criteria and found an increased risk associated with lower sodium intake in patients with heart failure. All other studies identified in this review demonstrated positive associations between dietary salt and adverse health outcomes. | INTRODUCTIONExcess salt (sodium) consumption is associated with many adverse health effects, including hypertension and cardiovascular mortality.1,2 Based on the evidence from systematic reviews assessing dietary sodium reduction, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a sodium intake of <2 g/d (equivalent to 5 g/d of salt) in adults, with lower amounts for children based on their energy requirements relative to those of adults. 3,4 All WHO Member States have agreed on a target of reducing dietary sodium intake by 30%by 2025. 5Regularly updated reviews and critical appraisals of identified studies relating to health outcomes are published in the Journal of Clinical Hypertension, alternating with reviews of studies relating to salt reduction implementation programs. The last review of salt and health outcomes covered studies published between August and November 2015. | METHODOLOGYA detailed description of the methodological approach used to identify and evaluate the literature in this review has been previously published. 7 In summary, articles were identified on a weekly basis through a MEDLINE search strategy. 7 Studies examining the effects of salt on health outcomes, including studies of participants with any comorbidity (with the exception of acute illness), that were published from December 1, 2015 to March 31, 2016, were included in this review.All included studies were assessed for risk of bias by two independent reviewers. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. 8 Observational, nonrandomized studies were assessed using a modified Cochrane risk of bias tool. 9 For systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the c tool was applied. 10We identified the subset of included studies that met previously established minimum methodologic criteria for clinical and population studies on dietary salt 11 (Box). Detailed appraisals and written commentary were performed for these studies. Other studies were then selected for detailed review based on two independent reviewers identifying them either as potentially high impact, controversial, or important in terms ...

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“…This culinary practice is common among the Mexican population. It has been observed that the addition of a condiment or other food to enhance the flavor of fruits and vegetables is a facilitator for their consumption among children (21); however, it is recommended to moderate their consumption to avoid health risks due to high sodium intake (22), and the possible adverse effects of chili in the digestive tract of children (23). After the intervention, a higher proportion of school children identified the health benefits of consuming V&F, indicating that the messages of the printed material together with the planning action of the consumption of V&F can ease the appropriation of information by children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and evaluation of a campaign to promote the consumption of vegetables and fruits in Mexican school-age children

et al. 2016

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Palabras clave:Promoción de la salud escolar. Verduras. Frutas. Alimentación saludable. ResumenIntroducción: en escolares mexicanos el consumo de verduras y frutas y (VyF) es menor del 25% de la cantidad recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Objetivos: evaluar la efectividad de una campaña de promoción del consumo de VyF en niños de escuelas urbanas de Hidalgo, México. Métodos: se realizó un ensayo comunitario no contralado en 226 escolares de una escuela privada y una pública; se diseñó y distribuyó material impreso de promoción del consumo de VyF entre la población escolar; se facilitó el acceso a VyF mediante una planifi cación y venta en establecimientos de consumo escolar, y se supervisó el consumo por los profesores. Resultados: al fi nalizar la intervención, se incrementó el consumo de verduras en 50 g y el de agua simple en 100 ml (T-test, p < 0,05); se aumentó signifi cativamente la proporción de escolares que identifi caban los benefi cios en su salud del consumo de VyF (68% inicial, 87% fi nal) y se logró mayor apoyo de los padres de familia (61% inicial, 92% fi nal). Conclusiones: una campaña de promoción y mejoramiento del acceso a verduras, frutas y agua en el contexto escolar, que cuente con el apoyo de padres de familia y profesores, puede favorecer una alimentación más saludable en la escuela. AbstractIntroduction: In Mexican school-age children the consumption of vegetables and fruits (V&F) is less than 25% of the amount recommended by the World Health Organization. Objectives: Evaluate the effectiveness of a promotion campaign about the consumption of V&F in urban school children from Hidalgo, Mexico. Methods: A non controlled community trial in 226 school-age children from private and public schools was conducted, we designed and distributed printed material for promoting the consumption of V&F among the school population, access to V&F was provided through planning and sales at school stores, and consumption was supervised by the teachers. Results: At the end of the intervention vegetable consumption increased by 50 g and plain water in 100 mL (T-test, p < 0.05); the proportion of school-age children who identifi ed the health benefi ts of the consumption of V&F increased signifi cantly (68% initial, 87% fi nal) and greater support from parents (61% initial, 92 fi nal%) was achieved. Conclusions: A promotion campaign and improved access to vegetables, fruits and water in the school environment which is supported by parents and teachers can encourage healthier eating at school.

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Gender and obesity modify the impact of salt intake on blood pressure in children

Cited by 30 publications

References 42 publications

Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study

Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study

The science of salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (December 2015–March 2016)

Design and evaluation of a campaign to promote the consumption of vegetables and fruits in Mexican school-age children

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