Gender and race as factors in health care utilization

Johnson-Lans, Shirley; Bellemore, Fred A.

doi:10.1007/bf02294940

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The effects of sex and gender on health care consumption have been demonstrated in several studies from high- and middle-income countries [1 –8]. The results suggest that women generally consume more health care resources, especially primary care.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Sex differences in health care consumption in Sweden: A register-based cross-sectional study

Friberg

Krantz

Määttä

et al. 2015

Scand J Public Health

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The substantially greater use of reproduction-associated care among women, which largely occurs within primary care, might make it easier to also seek health care for other reasons. Efforts to eliminate barriers that prevent men from investing in their health and seeking primary care could reduce future morbidity and costs for specialist care. More studies and appropriate actions are needed to determine why women are overrepresented in mental, behavioral and musculoskeletal disorders.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Ample evidence indicates that several patient characteristics influence health care utilization, the most important being patient age [1,2]. However, factors such as gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity and immigration status also influence individual health care consumption [1 –5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in health care consumption in Sweden: A register-based cross-sectional study

Friberg

Krantz

Määttä

et al. 2015

Scand J Public Health

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“…American blacks are an important group to examine because, compared to American whites, they have reduced access to outpatient medical care,20,21 greater risk of hospitalization because of certain comorbidities,22,23 and longer lengths of hospital stay 24. Also, black women have a much higher prevalence of obesity compared to white women 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of overweight and obesity on hospitalization: race and gender differences

et al. 2009

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Objective: To examine associations between weight status and number of all-cause and cause-specific hospitalizations overall, and by race and gender. Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Subjects: White and black adults (n ¼ 15 355) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study who were normal weight (body mass index: X18.5 to o25.0 kg m À2 ; n ¼ 4997), overweight (X25.0 to o30.0 kg m À2 ; n ¼ 6100), or obese (X30.0 kg m À2 ; n ¼ 4258) at baseline. Measurements: Information on hospitalizations was collected using community and cohort surveillance methods. Negative binomial models adjusted for race, gender, field center, age, physical activity, education level, smoking status, alcoholic beverage consumption and health insurance at baseline. Adjusted numbers of hospitalizations were calculated after setting covariates to the mean value (for continuous variables) or to the average distribution (for categorical variables) observed in the entire cohort and are expressed as the number of hospitalizations per 1000 adults followed over a period of 13 years. Results: The covariate-adjusted average number of all-cause hospitalizations was 1316 per 1000 normal weight, 1543 per 1000 overweight and 2025 per 1000 obese. Normal weight women had significantly fewer hospitalizations than normal weight men (1173 versus 1515 per 1000), but the increase associated with being obese on the number of all-cause hospitalizations was larger in women than men (791 versus 589 per 1000). There was no significant difference detected between the number of hospitalizations in normal weight whites and blacks, and the increase in hospitalizations with overweight or obesity was also not different. Effects of weight status on several primary causes of hospitalization differed by gender and race group. Conclusion: Our work suggests that obesity prevention may reduce hospitalizations, a major component of rising healthcare costs. The impact of successful obesity prevention is likely to be larger in women than in men, and similar in blacks and whites.

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“…There are many studies of health-care consumption among nonwhite minorities, most of which compare racial differences in utilization between blacks and whites. Results vary depending on the measure of utilization and population of interest, but the general consensus is that blacks consume fewer health-care services than whites (e.g., Currie and Thomas, 1995;Gilbert et al, 2002;Johnson-Lans and Bellemore, 1997;LaVeist et al, 2002). These findings reveal an important social problem in which nonwhite minorities face disadvantages in receiving health care.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Racial Differences in Health‐care Utilization: Analysis by Intensity of Demand

Zheng¹,

Zimmer²

2009

Contemporary Economic Policy

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"Health-care utilization is estimated for different subpopulations with respect to various measures of health status, which allows the classification of health-care consumers into groups with different intensities of demand. This specification allows us to determine whether racial differences vary between subgroups of consumers. In addition to blacks, we also consider utilization by Hispanics. The model is estimated separately for five measures of utilization: office-based physician visits, office-based nonphysician visits, outpatient department visits, emergency room visits, and hospital discharges using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Results across numerous specifications indicate that racial differences remain a serious public policy concern, both among healthy and unhealthy minorities." ("JEL" I11, I12) Copyright (c) 2009 Western Economic Association International.

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Gender and race as factors in health care utilization

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Sex differences in health care consumption in Sweden: A register-based cross-sectional study

Sex differences in health care consumption in Sweden: A register-based cross-sectional study

Impact of overweight and obesity on hospitalization: race and gender differences

Racial Differences in Health‐care Utilization: Analysis by Intensity of Demand

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