Gender and the active smoking and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein relation in late adolescence

Abstract

This article is available online at http://www.jlr.org behavioral and lifestyle factors over the life course. Infl ammation is a major component of atherosclerosis and an important factor in the early phase of arteriosclerosis ( 1 ). C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant and a biomarker of systemic infl ammation, is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes ( 2 ). There is also strong evidence that CRP is an independent predictor of increased cardiovascular risk ( 3 ), supporting a role for CRP in CVD risk prediction ( 4, 5 ). Smoking exposure, adiposity, and the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) have been shown to be related to higher CRP levels in studies in adults ( 6-9 ). Raised CRP levels later in life refl ect lifetime exposure to smoking as well as adiposity levels ( 10 ). Further, sex differences in the association between CRP levels and other risk factors have been described. For example, leptin was shown to be associated with higher CRP levels in women but not in men ( 11 ), while adiponectin was shown to be inversely associated with CRP in females ( 12 ). Elevated CRP levels in smokers may contribute to the adverse effect of smoking on CVD risk; hence, both smoking and CRP have been incorporated in the Reynolds Risk Score for women in CVD risk assessment ( 13 ), as recommended by the American Heart Association ( 14 ). Moreover, sex differences have been reported in the relationship between smoking and subclinical infl ammation in adults ( 15 ).Studies in adults have documented that smoking may reduce the effi cacy of OCs ( 16 ), and may adversely affect menstrual cycle control in OC users ( 17 ). Estrogen levels were shown to be lower in smokers, compared with nonsmokers ( 18 ). The cause of the anti-estrogenic effects of smoking may be an increase in the catabolism of estrogen ( 19 ). To our knowledge, the potential interaction between smoking and OC use in relating to CRP levels in adolescence has not been studied. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying pathological process that eventually leads to ischemic heart disease, begins early in life, and is infl uenced by potentially modifi able Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; OC, oral contraceptive; PWC 170 , physical working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute.

Dietary fibre intake and its association with inflammatory markers in adolescents

“…In our study we showed that at age 17, males had higher intakes of dietary fibre than females, and that females had higher concentrations of hs-CRP, leptin, and adiponectin than males, consistent with previous work in this cohort at 14 (53) and 17 years (54,55) . Similar higher levels of hs-CRP in women than men were also observed in a national study of young American adults (56) .…”

Examining the association between C-Reactive protein and obesity by using the fractional polynomial approach; applying on NHANES dataset from 2001 to 2010

“…All models found a positive association between elevated levels of CRP and Obesity and this relationship varied across gender and race. The findings in this study with regard to the association between the ln(CRP)-BMI association and estimate curves are matched with the findings of previous studies [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. However, The FP method provided a better model fit compared to other statistical models (linear, quadratic, and categorical).…”

Dietary patterns, body mass index and inflammation: Pathways to depression and mental health problems in adolescents

“…At 17 y, venous blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast for the determination of adiponectin (µg/L), leptin (µg/L) and hs-CRP (mg/L) that were measured in the PathWest Laboratory at Royal Perth Hospital (Ridker 2003, Le-Ha, Beilin et al 2012). hs-CRP was measured by an immunoturbidimetric method on the Architect c16000 Analyser (intra-assay CV 15.96%).…”