Gender and the Political Economy of Conflict in Africa

Έμφυλη Βία Και Κρατική Εξουσία: Ο Αθέατος Αγώνας Των Γυναικών Μέσα Από Τις Ιστορικές Διαδρομές

“…Επιπλέον η μελέτη της ιστορίας σε ταραγμένες περιόδους ανασύρει στην επιφάνεια κοινωνικά και πολιτισμικά θέματα και την έμφυλη διάσταση αυτών, καθώς τις περισσότερες φορές η κρατική εξουσία και οι μηχανισμοί της μετατρέπονται σε όργανα επιβολής κανόνων και υποταγής και πλήττουν δυσανάλογα τα πιο αδύναμα μέλη της κοινωνίας (Cohen, 1991). Πλήθος ερευνών μέχρι και τις μέρες μας (Colombini, 2002;Gardam & Chalesworth, 2000;Gokalp Kultu, 2014;Lindsey-Curtet et al, 2004;Turshen, 2001Turshen, , 2000 έχουν καταγράψει τις βαρβαρότητες και την ανεξέλεγκτη άσκηση διαφόρων μορφών βίας σε γυναίκες και παιδιά, αγόρια και κορίτσια κατά τη διάρκεια εμφυλίων και πολεμικών συγκρούσεων, με αποτέλεσμα την απώλεια ή την απειλή της ζωής και της σωματικής τους ακεραιότητας. Οι βιασμοί, οι δολοφονίες και οι ακρωτηριασμοί αποτελούν κοινές πρακτικές για νικητές και ηττημένους (Wood, 2018(Wood, , 2009Sklavou, 2019), ενώ σε περιοχές που βρίσκονται σε εμπόλεμη κατάσταση επί σειρά ετών έχουν καθιερωθεί πρακτικές όπως η σεξουαλική δουλεία και το trafficking με θύματα κυρίως τις γυναίκες και τα παιδιά 3 (van der Kolk et al, 1996).…”

Gendered Security Harms: State Policy and the Counterinsurgency Against Boko Haram

“…They requested their parents convert to Islam and expressed "Thanks to our father, Abubakar Shekau, for marrying us to our husbands" (Sahara TV News 2017; Jihadology 2017). Their position mirrors the complexity of women and girls similarly abducted by militant groups in other locations who, over time, develop affinity for the group and its members through processes of trauma and crisis bonding; fear and gratitude for being allowed to live produce a desire to stay (Reid et al 2013;Turshen 2001). For women in an organised armed group who have new relationships and social networks, a degree of security, children, food and some Islamic education, the choice of returning to a distant past life is not clear-cut (Moaveni 2019).…”

A Critical Approach to the Efficacy of the Economic Development Strategy in Interethnic Conflict Prevention and Resolution

“…Common narratives depict men as more competent in combating (Annan, et al, 2011). In comparison, women are the victims of violence (Turshen, 2016;Meger, 2015;Kirby, 2013) . Whereas men fight in the conflicts (Pankhurst, 2008), women run anti-violence campaigns and peace-building processes, since the public see them as more peaceful and thus better suited for the tasks (Bryant-Tarpeh, 2012;Henshaw, 2017).…”

“…Affected by the gender stereotypes, most cultures and societies construct social reproduction as a female duty (Turshen, 2016), and "women are everywhere assigned primary responsibility for social reproduction" (Peterson, 2003, p. 63). Built upon the sexual biological differences, common narratives have constructed reproduction as "natural" work that women are born to know and thus can complete with no difficulties (Turshen, 2016, p. 9;Riley, 2008).…”

“…Taken for granted, women's social reproductive labour is more than often subject to exploitation. During conflicts, society and culture push women away from the frontline and into the background of conflicts, in order to ensure their fulfilment of social reproduction (Lahai, 2010;Goldstein, 2001;Turshen, 2016). Since the conflict organizations deploy women at these posts out of exploitative reasons, women at these posts are rarely given due recognition, despite the social reproductive tasks are not only key to the survival and victory of the belligerent groups during conflict times, but also indispensable to the continuance and prosperity of the ethnicity and society in general (Turshen, 2016, p. 115).…”