Gender-based approach on the social impact and mental health in Spain during COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-sectional study

Jacques-Aviñó, Constanza; López-Jiménez, Tomás; Medina-Perucha, Laura; Bont, Jeroen de; Gonçalves, Alessandra Queiroga; Duarte‐Salles, Talita; Berenguera, Anna

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044617

Cited by 148 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Furthermore, we highlight that our sample had a higher participation of women, although the strategy to promote the survey was targeting the general population (institutional websites announcements and calls and social network promotion targeting general population in Brazil). Despite that we noticed that others online surveys about COVID-19 also reported higher female participation [ 43 ]. Our study was conducted in Brazil, a country with continental dimensions that has been facing a political crisis that continues to increase with the rise of confirmed cases and deaths.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

A behavioral economic risk aversion experiment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

et al. 2021

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We investigated what degree of risk of infection with COVID-19 is necessary so that people intend to stay home, even when doing so means losing their salary. We conducted an online survey across Brazil during the initial outbreak, in which 8,345 participants answered a questionnaire designed to identify the maximum tolerated risk (k’) necessary for them to disregard social distancing recommendations and guarantee their salaries. Generalized linear mixed models, path analysis structural equation, and conditional interference classification tree were performed to further understand how sociodemographic factors impact k’ and to establish a predictive model for the risk behavior of leaving home during the pandemic. We found that, on average, people tolerate 38% risk of infection to leave home and earn a full salary, but this number decreased to 13% when the individual risk perception of becoming ill from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is considered. Furthermore, participants who have a medium-to-high household income and who are older than 35 years are more likely to be part of the risk-taking group who leave home regardless of the potential COVID-19 infection level; while participants over 45 years old and with good financial health are more likely to be part of the risk-averse group, who stay home at the expense of any salary offered. Our findings add to the political and public debate concerning lockdown strategies by showing that, contrary to supposition, people with low socioeconomic status are not more likely to ignore social distancing recommendations due to personal economic matters.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

A behavioral economic risk aversion experiment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

et al. 2021

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“…The current study also identified the role of health information as a mediator in the link between physical symptoms and the perceived impact of the pandemic. During the strict lockdown, people were refrained from social interaction 41 and spent more time at home and searching for health information online. Consistent with the protection motivation theory 19 , the need to search for more health information is triggered by activity in survival circuits that detects imminent threats of COVID-19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A chain mediation model on COVID-19 symptoms and mental health outcomes in Americans, Asians and Europeans

Wang

Chudzicka‐Czupała

Tee

et al. 2021

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The novel Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, impacting the lifestyles, economy, physical and mental health of individuals globally. This study aimed to test the model triggered by physical symptoms resembling COVID-19 infection, in which the need for health information and perceived impact of the pandemic mediated the path sequentially, leading to adverse mental health outcomes. A cross-sectional research design with chain mediation model involving 4612 participants from participating 8 countries selected via a respondent-driven sampling strategy was used. Participants completed online questionnaires on physical symptoms, the need for health information, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The results showed that Poland and the Philippines were the two countries with the highest levels of anxiety, depression and stress; conversely, Vietnam had the lowest mean scores in these areas. Chain mediation model showed the need for health information, and the perceived impact of the pandemic were sequential mediators between physical symptoms resembling COVID-19 infection (predictor) and consequent mental health status (outcome). Excessive and contradictory health information might increase the perceived impact of the pandemic. Rapid COVID-19 testing should be implemented to minimize the psychological burden associated with physical symptoms, whilst public mental health interventions could target adverse mental outcomes associated with the pandemic.

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“…Although men are hit harder by COVID-19 than women [ 23 ], previous studies indicated that women are more worried about the spread of the infection. In a recent Cuban population study, being female was a predictor of medium and high levels of fear of COVID-19 [ 24 ], and also in several other researches it emerged that being female is significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety [ 25 ], insomnia, perceived stress, adjustment disorders and depression [ 26 , 27 ]. Galasso et al (2020), in a study carried out in eight countries, showed that women are more likely to perceive COVID-19 as a very serious health problem and to agree and comply with restraining public policy measures [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear of COVID-19 for Individuals and Family Members: Indications from the National Cross-Sectional Study of the EPICOVID19 Web-Based Survey

Cori

Curzio

Adorni

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The study analyzed the association of the fear of contagion for oneself and for family members (FMs) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, with demographic and socioeconomic status (SES) and health factors. The study was performed within the EPICOVID19 web-based Italian survey, involving adults from April–June 2020. Out of 207,341 respondents, 95.9% completed the questionnaire (60% women with an average age of 47.3 vs. 48.9 years among men). The association between fear and demographic and SES characteristics, contacts with COVID-19 cases, nasopharyngeal swab, self-perceived health, flu vaccination, chronic diseases and specific symptoms was analyzed by logistic regression model; odds ratios adjusted for sex, age, education and occupation were calculated (aORs). Fear for FMs prevailed over fear for oneself and was higher among women than men. Fear for oneself decreased with higher levels of education and in those who perceived good health. Among those vaccinated for the flu, 40.8% responded they had feelings of fear for themselves vs. 34.2% of the not vaccinated. Fear increased when diseases were declared and it was higher when associated with symptoms such as chest pain, olfactory/taste disorders, heart palpitations (aORs > 1.5), lung or kidney diseases, hypertension, depression and/or anxiety. Trends in fear by region showed the highest percentage of positive responses in the southern regions. The knowledge gained from these results should be used to produce tailored messages and shared public health decisions.

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Gender-based approach on the social impact and mental health in Spain during COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 148 publications

References 24 publications

A behavioral economic risk aversion experiment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

A behavioral economic risk aversion experiment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

A chain mediation model on COVID-19 symptoms and mental health outcomes in Americans, Asians and Europeans

Fear of COVID-19 for Individuals and Family Members: Indications from the National Cross-Sectional Study of the EPICOVID19 Web-Based Survey

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