Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa

Dunkle, Kristin; Jewkes, Rachel; Brown, H. C.; Gray, Glenda; McIntryre, James A; Harlow, Sioḃán D.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16098-4

Cited by 1,044 publications

(976 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Many women experience multiple violence types by an intimate partner [11]. Evidence suggests IPV is more common among women who report transactional sex [40]. Little is known about SW exposure to IPV in South Africa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and patterns of victimization and polyvictimization among female sex workers in Soweto, a South African township: a cross-sectional, respondent-driven sampling study

Coetzee

Gray

Jewkes

2017

Global Health Action

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Background: Female sex workers (FSWs) are disproportionately affected by violence from multiple partner categories. This increases their vulnerability to HIV. Objectives: To describe patterns of violence and polyvictimization among female SWs in Soweto. Methods: A respondent-driven sampling (RDS) recruitment methodology was used to enrol 508 Soweto-based FSWs using a survey instrument. Raw and RDS adjusted data were descriptively analysed, Spearman’s correlation and chi2 test of association were used to show associations. Polyvictimization patterns are shown within a modified Venn diagram. Results: The median age of FSWs in Soweto was 31 years, and most had an incomplete education (74.2%). The prevalence of exposure to physical/sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) in the past year was 53.8%, 46.8% by clients, and 18.5% by police. Past year prevalence of sexual/physical violence by any perpetrator category was 70.8% and lifetime exposure was 76.0%. Childhood sexual violence was reported by 44.3%. Lifetime non-partner rape was 55.5% and all rape exposure was 62.4%. As a result of engaging in sex work in the past year, 65.2% women had been discriminated against. Client, police, IPV, and childhood trauma were all significantly associated with one another, with IPV being the most common co-occurrence. Polyvictimization was seen in almost two-thirds of FSWs, and increased with exposure to discrimination. Conclusion: In Soweto, FSWs are exposed to high rates of violence in multiple forms across their lifetime. Our findings show that violence continues unabated into adulthood at levels far higher than in the general population and overall at higher levels than previously recorded among SWs in South Africa. We argue that violence against FSWs is rooted in discrimination. The disparate burden of violence on FSWs requires urgent interventions to proactively address and reframe the normalisation of violence against all women.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and patterns of victimization and polyvictimization among female sex workers in Soweto, a South African township: a cross-sectional, respondent-driven sampling study

Coetzee

Gray

Jewkes

2017

Global Health Action

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“…13,14 Using data collected from a sample of women with substance abuse disorders, mental health disorders, and a history of trauma (and a part of the larger Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Women, Co-Occurring Disorders and Violence Study), Amaro and colleagues 14 showed that women with higher relationship power were less likely to have unprotected sex. Several international studies (i.e., Haiti, South Africa) using an adapted 12-item SRPS measure 26 or a subset of SRPS questions 27,28 found mixed results. Dunkle and colleagues 26 reported that women with higher relationship control were more likely to have used a condom and less likely to have contracted HIV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several international studies (i.e., Haiti, South Africa) using an adapted 12-item SRPS measure 26 or a subset of SRPS questions 27,28 found mixed results. Dunkle and colleagues 26 reported that women with higher relationship control were more likely to have used a condom and less likely to have contracted HIV. Pettifor and colleagues 28 also found relationship control positively associated with more consistent condom use, but not with less HIV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Power and Sexual Risk among Women in Community-Based Substance Abuse Treatment

et al. 2009

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Relationship power has been highlighted as a major factor influencing women's safer sex practices. Little research, however, has specifically examined relationship power in drug-involved women, a population with increased risk for HIV transmission. Using baseline data from a National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network multisite trial of a women's HIV prevention intervention in communitybased drug treatment programs, this paper examined the association between sexual relationship power and unprotected vaginal or anal sex. The Sexual Relationship Power Scale, a measure of relationship control and decision-making dominance, was used to assess the association between power and unprotected sex in relationships with primary male partners. It was hypothesized that increased relationship power would be associated with decreased unprotected sexual occasions, after controlling for relevant empirical and theoretical covariates. Findings show a more complex picture of the association between power and sexual risk in this population, with a main effect in the hypothesized direction for decision-making dominance but not for relationship control. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed, and future research directions for examining power constructs and developing interventions targeting relationship power among drug-involved women are suggested.

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“…One such meaningful action is violence’ [6, p. 141]. South Africa provides a particularly instructive example for studying the relationship between violence and masculinity owing to the colonial and postcolonial history of masculinity in the country [3,7] as well as alarmingly high rates of men’s violence [4,8–10]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although studies have focused on how dominant beliefs about masculinity (and femininity) are associated with high rates of violence [4,8,10–12], they have predominantly focused on cis-gendered (persons whose social gender matches their biological sex) men and women, neglecting other gender identities. Research on LGBTIQ+ people has tended to focus on violence and other forms of victimisation of this group [13–17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is there to learn about violence and masculinity from a genderqueer man?

Helman

Ratele

2018

Global Health Action

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Background: In light of the global health burden of violence, which is predominantly perpetrated by men, studies have explored the relationship between masculinities and violence. However, there is a relative lack of work focusing on non-hegemonic men and masculinities in relation to violence. Such work has the potential to advance violence prevention work. Objective: This article aims to show the shifting relationship between constructions of violent and non-violent masculinity in the talk of a genderqueer man. The article also aims to demonstrate how qualitative approaches are able to reveal the complexity and contradiction in accounts of masculine identities as these are negotiated within the context of the research interview. Methods: The article is based on a case study of Adam, a middle-class, ‘white’, ‘genderqueer’ man who participated in a larger study which explored the ways in which gender is constructed within 18 South African families. Adam’s interview is analysed using a Foucauldian discourse analysis. Results: The analysis demonstrates the complex and contradictory process involved in negotiating and resisting a violent version of masculinity. Constructing male violence as rooted in particular psychosocial and cultural assumptions, rather than as an automatic biological response, enables Adam to resist this violence. This deconstruction of violent masculinity is linked to Adam’s ‘genderqueer’ identity or ‘in-betweenness’, which facilitates a critical consciousness in relation to notions of gender. The analysis also demonstrates how notions of masculinity are deliberated and co-constructed within the relational context of the interview. Conclusions: This article shows that resisting and reformulating masculinity in non-violent ways is a complex process. This suggests that violence prevention efforts need to focus on the creation of spaces for ongoing dialogues about non-violence. As demonstrated by the context of the interview, relational, conversational spaces have the potential to facilitate the co-construction of non-violent masculinities.

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Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa

Cited by 1,044 publications

References 30 publications

Prevalence and patterns of victimization and polyvictimization among female sex workers in Soweto, a South African township: a cross-sectional, respondent-driven sampling study

Prevalence and patterns of victimization and polyvictimization among female sex workers in Soweto, a South African township: a cross-sectional, respondent-driven sampling study

Relationship Power and Sexual Risk among Women in Community-Based Substance Abuse Treatment

What is there to learn about violence and masculinity from a genderqueer man?

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