Gender Categorization of Perfumes: The Difference between Odour Perception and Commercial Classification

Lindqvist, Anna

doi:10.1080/08038740.2013.820216

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Similarly, female patrons gave higher tips to wait staff under the congruent scent condition than in the no scent condition, while male patrons exhibited no effect. These results indicate that the effects of wait staff scents on food liking, meal satisfaction, and interpersonal behavior may be more pronounced in females than in males, and such gender differences might be linked to previous findings that females differ from males with respect to olfactory performances, odor-evoked emotions, and behavioral responses to odor stimuli [11,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]37,49]. In general, females outperform males in the tasks in their abilities to detect, discriminate, and identify everyday odor stimuli [35].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Another interesting point of focus is gender differences with respect to olfactory performances, odor-evoked emotions, and behavioral responses to odor stimuli [11,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. More specifically, females have been shown to exhibit more acute sensitivity than males with respect to odor (i.e., higher sensitivity to odors), odor discrimination, and/or odor identification tests [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfactory Cues of Restaurant Wait Staff Modulate Patrons’ Dining Experiences and Behavior

Singh

Beekman

Seo

2019

Foods

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Ambient scents at retail stores have been found to modulate customer perceptions and attitudes toward retail products and stores. Although ambient scent effects have also been observed in restaurant settings, little is known about the scent-related influences of restaurant wait staff on patron perception and behavior. This study aimed to determine whether olfactory cues from restaurant wait staff can affect patrons’ dining experiences and interpersonal behavior with respect to menu choice, flavor perception, overall liking of meal items, meal satisfaction, consumption amount, and tip amount for wait staff. A total of 213 adults with no olfactory impairments were asked to select and consume one of four chicken meat menu items: baked, broiled, fried, and smoked chicken, in a mock restaurant setting, under one of the three most likely scents of wait staff: congruent (smoky barbecue scent), fragrance (perfume scent), and no scent (control) applied to fabric aprons of wait staff. The results showed that menu choice and flavor perception of chicken meat items did not differ in the presence of the three scent conditions. The effects of wait staff scents on overall liking of chicken meat items, meal satisfaction, and tip amount for wait staff were found to differ as a function of patron gender. Female patrons gave higher ratings of overall liking and meal satisfaction under the fragrance scent condition than under the no scent condition, while male patrons showed no effect with respect to overall liking and an opposite result in the meal satisfaction. Female patrons gave larger tips to wait staff under the congruent scent condition than under the no scent condition, while male patrons exhibited no effect. Patrons also were found to consume chicken meat items the least under the congruent scent condition. In conclusion, this study provides new empirical evidence that wait staff scents at restaurants can affect patrons’ dining experiences and interpersonal behavior and that the effects of such scents vary as a function of patron gender.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Cues of Restaurant Wait Staff Modulate Patrons’ Dining Experiences and Behavior

Singh

Beekman

Seo

2019

Foods

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“…Stimuli for both participant groups were identical, except that descriptions differed in grammatical gender, i.e., if a description was composed of masculine nouns in German, it had feminine nouns in French. Participants were not explicitly told whether the fragrances were male or female, but this was apparent in the fragrances themselves, since gender is a fundamental dimension on which they are classified (Lindqvist, 2013). After reading each description and smelling the corresponding fragrance, participants rated each fragrance on a number of dimensions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linguistic features of fragrances: The role of grammatical gender and gender associations

Speed

Majid

2019

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Odors are often difficult to identify and name, which leaves them vulnerable to the influence of language. The present study tests the boundaries of the effect of language on odor cognition by examining the effect of grammatical gender. We presented participants with male and female fragrances paired with descriptions of masculine or feminine grammatical gender. In Experiment 1 we found that memory for fragrances was enhanced when the grammatical gender of a fragrance description matched the gender of the fragrance. In Experiment 2 we found memory for fragrances was affected by both grammatical gender and gender associations in fragrance descriptions – recognition memory for odors was higher when the gender was incongruent. In sum, we demonstrated that even subtle aspects of language can affect odor cognition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.3758/s13414-019-01729-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Gender is of course a cultural construct, and cosmetic scents with specific gender associations are culturally bound and reinforced by branding (Lindqvist, 2013; Zellner et al, 2008). Arguably, however, the different chemical constitutions of body (sweat) odors between biological sexes might be more genetically determined, though gender-related cultural habits might indeed play a role in the chemical constitution of body odors (Havlicek & Lenochova, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such compounds have been shown to modulate cognitive processes such as gait perception depending on the participants’ sex and sexual preference (Ye et al, 2019) or masculinity and femininity ratings of body movements (Zhou et al, 2014). While sex-specific compositions of odors are at least partially biologically-driven given their dependency on genetic and anatomical factors (Jackman & Noble, 1983; Savelev et al, 2008), cultural associations can also determine certain scents in a gender-specific manner, as has been stereotyped by cosmetics (Donna, 2009; Lindqvist, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different armpits under my new nose: olfactory sex but not gender affects implicit measures of embodiment

Lesur

Stussi

Bertrand

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Research has shown that conflicting multisensory signals may alter embodiment to the point of self-identifying with a foreign body, but the role of olfaction in this process has been overlooked. Here, we study in healthy participants how sex (male and female sweat odors) and gender (male and female cosmetic scents) olfactory stimuli contribute to embodiment. Participants saw from the perspective of a sex mismatching person in virtual reality and received synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation to elicit illusory embodiment of the seen body while smelling either sex- or gender-congruent stimuli. We assessed implicit (skin conductance responses to visual threats) and explicit (questionnaire) measures of embodiment. Stronger responses to threat were found when participants smelled the sex-congruent compared to the sex-incongruent odor, while no such differences were found for the cosmetic scents. According to the questionnaire, embodiment did not differ between conditions. Post-experimental assessment of the presented cues, suggest that while both sweat odors were considered generally male, cosmetic scents were not. The presented scents were generally not associated to the embodied body. Our results suggest that sex-related body odors influence implicit but not explicit aspects of embodiment and are in line with unique characteristics of olfaction in other aspects of cognition.

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Gender Categorization of Perfumes: The Difference between Odour Perception and Commercial Classification

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

Olfactory Cues of Restaurant Wait Staff Modulate Patrons’ Dining Experiences and Behavior

Olfactory Cues of Restaurant Wait Staff Modulate Patrons’ Dining Experiences and Behavior

Linguistic features of fragrances: The role of grammatical gender and gender associations

Different armpits under my new nose: olfactory sex but not gender affects implicit measures of embodiment

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