Gender Considerations in Sustainable Rural Livelihood Planning: Engendering Rural Development Planning in a South African Context

Abstract

While it may be argued that worldwide women in rural areas are more likely to experience poverty than rural men and urban men and women, it is an even greater challenge for Africa. The impoverishment experienced by the communities in predominately rural areas of Africa, especially the more vulnerable segments of the population such as women, pose a significant challenge to the ensuring of their livelihoods. Furthermore, in South Africa rural women must also contend with the legacy of apartheid policies, which for instance had significant socioeconomic impacts such as the disruption of the familial support structures, in addition to bearing the brunt of poverty. The aim of this research is to emphasise the significant contribution that the development of sustainable rural livelihoods could have, as well as the necessity of engendering rural development approaches in South Africa, in effectively addressing rural poverty. It also creates the opportunity of promoting gender equity, through the incorporation of the perspectives, needs and interests of women (which are different from men and moreover reflect the needs of children and families) in decision making. This article investigates the contribution that sustainable livelihood development has in alleviating poverty in rural areas and the contextual gendered realities attendant to rural livelihoods in South Africa. The result of this study indicates that although there are several ways in which the gender dimension can be incorporated in the development of sustainable rural livelihoods, there are certain fundamental aspects that are required in a South African context. These are strategies related to the specific contextual empowerment of women, the resources that women in rural areas have access to and an appropriate scale of intervention. The central role of women in sustainable rural livelihoods, both as the most deprived grouping as well as most vigorous drivers of development, should form the crux of sustainable rural livelihood development initiatives.

Women in Zimunya and the musha mukadzi or umuzi ngumama philosophy for sustainable livelihoods

“…Chidakwa et al 2020). As a result, women face difficulties that include, among other things, the loss of essential natural resources, food insecurity, a lack of economic opportunity, the unmet need for social services, poor education, geographical location and poor infrastructure (Gibbens & Schoeman 2019) and long-distance relationships with their husbands, who are forced to migrate in search for better opportunities in the midst of poor agro-outputs.…”

Strengthening Gender Equity in Locally Led Adaptation Processes in Africa

“…Effective adaptation interventions are informed by local conditions, resources, and social needs, so the perspectives of all community members, including women, are central to their development and implementation (Mfitumukiza 2020;Gibbens and Schoeman 2019;Plan International Australia 2018) (for definitions of terms like adaptation as we use them in this working paper, see Box 1). Eriksen et al (2021) found that failure to include the perspectives of those most vulnerable and exposed to climate impacts can cause adaptation interventions to bring unintended harms.…”

“…The inequities that women face are diverse and location-specific, because they are rooted in existing cultural norms, socioeconomic dynamics, and political and legal structures. Therefore, women must have the opportunity, for example, to identify their own unique vulnerabilities and inform interventions accordingly (Gibbens and Schoeman 2019;Gressel et al 2020).…”