Gender Differences: Emotional Expression and Feelings of Personal Inauthenticity.

Abstract

This survey study examined the emotional expression content of human resources jobs and how the content varies by gender. On the basis of findings, it appeared that women more often conform to feminine display rules, which require the suppression of negative emotions and the simulation of positive emotions. In contrast, men more often adopted masculine display rules, which require the suppression of positive emotions and the simulation of negative ones. For both men and women, emotional dissonance generated by a feminine display-rule pattern was positively correlated with feelings of personal inauthenticity at work. Gender modified the relationship between emotional dissonance and gender only in that women who adopted the masculine display-rule pattern reported feeling the least personally inauthentic of all.

The Influence of Angry Customer Outbursts on Service Providers' Facial Displays and Affective States

“…As Simpson and Stroh (2004) demonstrated, males tend to conform less often to display rules associated with femininity, such as suppression of negative emotions and simulation of positive emotions. Males also appear to be less able to recognize negative emotions such as anger and disgust, regardless of the gender of the sender (Rotter and Rotter 1988), but have been shown to be more expressive of anger (Kring and Emmons 1990).…”

A Markov Chain Analysis of Emotional Exchange in Voice-to-Voice Communication: Testing for the Mimicry Hypothesis of Emotional Contagion

“…Honk et al, 1999;Kimura, 9 9 Emotional contagion in voice-to-voice 1999, Goos & Silverman, 2002). Sociologically, men tend to follow to a lesser extent the social rules that are generally associated with women, like faking positive emotions or hiding negative ones (Simpson & Stroh, 2004), and they are given a higher status by both men and women (Rafaeli, 1990). This greater tendency to express more negative emotions, and to express them more overtly and more expressively than women, leads us to propositions 3 and 4.…”

“…This tendency to tune with others may be due to adaptive mechanisms related with genderrole stereotype, since women are more socially expected to emotionally relate with others than men, who have to follow less the social rules that are related with the regulation of emotions (e.g., Broverman, et al, 1972;Goos & Silverman, 2002;Simpson and Stroh, 2004).…”

Trans as Bodily Becoming: Rethinking the Biological as Diversity, Not Dichotomy

“…Gender role stereotypes related to emotions are pervasive (Barrett & Bliss-Moreau, 2009;Simpson & Stroh, 2004;Strauss, Muday, McNall, & Wong, 1997) and influence the self-reporting of emotions by men and women (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012;Robinson & Clore, 2002). For example, the belief that women express more emotions than men because women are "emotional creatures" has been linked to the stereotype that women are overly emotional (Barrett & Bliss-Moreau, 2009).…”