Gender differences in anger and fear as a function of situational context

Brody, Leslie R.; Lovas, Gretchen S.; Hay, Deborah H.

doi:10.1007/bf01544757

Cited by 72 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…If differences are found, as is the case in some studies, using American and Dutch respondents, some of these even contradict the stereotype, women reporting more rather than less anger than do men (Brody et al 1995;El-Sheikh et al 2000;Fischer et al 2004;Strachan and Dutton 1992). Interestingly, the more intense anger on the part of women seems to be most prevalent in reaction to men compared to women (Brody et al 1995;Harris 1994;Richardson et al 1986), and in intimate settings following condescending behavior by men (Buss 1989;El-Sheikh et al 2000;Frodi 1977;Harris 1991).…”

Section: Gender Differences In Angermentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Interestingly, the more intense anger on the part of women seems to be most prevalent in reaction to men compared to women (Brody et al 1995;Harris 1994;Richardson et al 1986), and in intimate settings following condescending behavior by men (Buss 1989;El-Sheikh et al 2000;Frodi 1977;Harris 1991). In other words, women's anger is most often elicited in heterosexual, romantic relationship contexts.…”

Section: Gender Differences In Angermentioning

confidence: 86%

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The Social Costs and Benefits of Anger as a Function of Gender and Relationship Context

Fischer

Evers

2011

Sex Roles

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On the basis of Social Role Theory and a social functional view of emotions, we argue that gender differences in anger experiences and expression are related to men's and women's relationship context. We hypothesized that women in traditional relationship contexts would express their anger less directly, and would suppress their anger more, due to expected negative social appraisals. We compared anger reactions to a conflict situation in a traditional and egalitarian relationship context. Eighty-two Dutch adult participants (43 women and 39 men) were recruited partly by students in a psychology class, and partly by a snowball method. They were invited to participate only if they had a steady relationship of minimally one year. The results show that women report more intense subjective anger in both contexts, but that the expression of anger differed with relationship context. In traditional relationships women tend to suppress their anger more than men, while men report to express their anger directly more than women. This difference in anger expression was mediated by negative social appraisals. In egalitarian relationships, this difference was not found.

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Section: Gender Differences In Angermentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Gender Differences In Angermentioning

confidence: 86%

The Social Costs and Benefits of Anger as a Function of Gender and Relationship Context

Fischer

Evers

2011

Sex Roles

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“…This may be the result of greater social approval for girls to reveal and admit weaknesses and distress (Gavranidou and Rosner 2003;Dindia and Allen 1992). Alternatively, it may also be that girls perceive certain events as more threatening than boys do (Bar-Tal et al 1994;Brody et al 1995;Muldoon 2003), which may result in higher vulnerability to the same events.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

The Association Between Right-Wing Political Ideology and Youth Distress

Laufer

Shechory

Solomon

2008

Child Adolesc Soc Work J

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The study examines the association between ideological worldviews among youth and the sense of distress resulting from political events. It examines two hypotheses: the first is that events that contradict ideological worldviews are associated with greater distress levels and the second is that the higher the level of ideological commitment, the higher the distress level will be, regardless of the type of stressor. Therefore this study examines distress levels among right-wing adolescents exposed to two different political stressors: (a) Palestinian terror-which matches their right-wing ideology that regards the Palestinians as an enemy, and (b) the evacuation of settlements-which contradicts their right-wing ideology. As expected, higher distress levels were found during evacuation of settlements, compared to the response to Palestinian terror. It was also found that ideological commitment was positively associated with levels of distress with regard to both stressors.

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“…Experimental studies which elicit anger through the presentation of film clips or slides do not generally find sex differences in anger intensity (Kring & Gordon, 1998;Wagner, Buck & Winterbotham, 1993). Experiments using vignettes to elicit descriptions of hypothetical emotional reactions similarly find few overall sex differences in anger intensity (Manstead & Fisher, 1995;Milovchevich, Howells, Drew & Day, 2001) and, where they appear on subsidiary analyses, they favour women (Brody, Lovas & Hay, 1995;Harris, 1994). Archer and Mehdikhani (2003) in a meta-analysis of psychometrically assessed anger derived from 22 samples found no sex difference, d = .006.…”

Section: Angermentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in direct aggression: What are the psychological mediators?

Campbell

2006

Aggression and Violent Behavior

227

107

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NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Aggression and Violent Behavior. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A denitive version was subsequently published in Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 3, May-June 2006, 10.1016/j.avb.2005.002. Additional information:Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. 3Men engage in more direct aggression than women, although the effect size varies as a function of the seriousness of the act and the data source.The results of several meta-analytic reviews are summarised in Table 1 Studies of the effect of provocation and emotional arousal provide a useful roadmap with which to begin this journey. Provocation increases aggression (Berkowitz, 1989;Bettencourt and Miller, 1996). Provocation also diminishes the magnitude of the sex difference, from d = .33 to d = .17 (Bettencourt and Miller, 1996). Knight, Guthrie, Page and Fabes (2002) examined emotional arousal as an explanation of this effect. They proposed that at very low levels of arousal, sex differences are small because both sexes are able to regulate their emotion and behavior. At high levels of Although the present article focuses upon these emotional and motivational bases, this in no way diminishes the importance of cognitive

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Gender differences in anger and fear as a function of situational context

Cited by 72 publications

References 33 publications

The Social Costs and Benefits of Anger as a Function of Gender and Relationship Context

The Social Costs and Benefits of Anger as a Function of Gender and Relationship Context

The Association Between Right-Wing Political Ideology and Youth Distress

Sex differences in direct aggression: What are the psychological mediators?

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