Gender differences in children's intonational patterns

Investigation of habitual pitch during free play activities for preschool-aged children

“…The HP values obtained from a variety of structured speech activities in the present study range between 297 Hz and 358 Hz, and average 324 Hz which is within the range of average HP values (214-350 Hz) reported in prior studies where structured activities were used [12,16,17,19,20,26,27]. The conformity between the current and previous HP data all measured using structured speech activities, at the very least, indicates that using throat microphone provides comparable F 0 measurements to those using traditional microphones.…”

“…One may also notice that the present average HP (324 Hz) obtained from the structured activities appears to be on the high end of HP range (i.e., 214-350 Hz) found in the aforementioned studies [12,16,17,19,20,26,27]. Such revelation could be attributed to the fact that speech recording environment adopted in the present study is different from those adopted in prior studies even though the structured speech activities used in the present study are similar to those used in prior studies.…”

“…F 0 investigations have also been conducted for children from various racial groups [12,25] and for children who stutter [26]. The average F 0 for preschoolers (i.e., children whose ages are from 3 years to 6 years) has been reported to range from 214 Hz to 350 Hz for both girls and boys [12,16,17,19,20,27,28]. Little difference in F 0 has been found between pre-pubescent (specifically younger than 7 years old) girls and boys [12,16,17,19,20,22,[27][28][29].…”

“…The average F 0 for preschoolers (i.e., children whose ages are from 3 years to 6 years) has been reported to range from 214 Hz to 350 Hz for both girls and boys [12,16,17,19,20,27,28]. Little difference in F 0 has been found between pre-pubescent (specifically younger than 7 years old) girls and boys [12,16,17,19,20,22,[27][28][29]. A general pattern of decreasing F 0 and F 0 variability has been reported for young children as their ages increase [12,19,20,22,23,25].…”

Relationship Among Brain Hemispheric Dominance, Attitude Towards L1 and L2, Gender, and Learning Suprasegmental Features

“…The importance of suprasegmental features, including intonation, word stress, assimilation, reduction, tone, and etc., in language learning has been highlighted by different researchers (Ladefoged, 2010;Roach, 2002), and previous research findings have confirmed the effective role of the above mentioned variables in learning language and specifically learning pronunciation (Anaki et al, 1998;Ferrand & Bloom, 1996;Gardner, 1976).…”