Gender Differences in Competitive Orientations: Empirical Evidence from Ultramarathon Running

Frick, Bernd

doi:10.1177/1527002511404784

Cited by 44 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…It is also possible the variance in boys' traditional and treadmill one-mile run times in this study was at least partially due to non-physiological factors. The boys may have found treadmill running to be an isolated and much less motivational environment than running in an outdoor environment in which they could measure, while running, their performance against their peers (Frick, 2011). The boys' lower peak heart rates and perceived exertion scores during the treadmill mile appear to affi rm lower motivation compared to when they performed the traditional one-mile run.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A Comparison of Hispanic Middle School Students' Performance, and Perceived and Actual Physical Exertion, on the Traditional and Treadmill One-Mile Runs

2013

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The purpose of this study was to assess whether a treadmill mile is an acceptable FitnessGram Test substitute for the traditional one-mile run for middle school boys and girls. Peak heart rate and perceived physical exertion of the participants were also measured to assess students' effort. 48 boys and 40 girls participated, with approximately 85% classified as Hispanic. Boys' mean time for the traditional one-mile run, as well as peak heart rate and perceived exertion, were statistically significantly faster and higher, respectively, than for the treadmill mile. Girls' treadmill mile times were not statistically significantly different from the traditional one-mile run. There were no statistically significant differences for girl's peak heart rate or perceived exertion. The results suggest that providing middle school students a choice of completing the FitnessGram mile run in either traditional one-mile run or treadmill one-mile format may positively affect performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A Comparison of Hispanic Middle School Students' Performance, and Perceived and Actual Physical Exertion, on the Traditional and Treadmill One-Mile Runs

2013

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“…In contrast, Dreber et al . () and Frick () analyse gender differences in running competitions and find no gender differences in competitiveness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and Risk Taking: Evidence From Jumping Competitions

Böheim

Lackner

2015

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society

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Summary We analyse whether female athletes differ from male athletes in their risk‐taking behaviour in a competitive setting. Data from high jump and pole vault competitions allow us to identify risky strategies. We estimate whether female athletes use risky strategies as often as male athletes and whether or not their returns to risky strategies differ. Returns to risky strategies are identified via an instrumental variable approach where we use competitive pressure to instrument individual risk taking. Female athletes take fewer risky decisions than men and could improve their outcomes by incurring more risk. We show that competitive pressure results in more risky decisions by both men and women; however, men react stronger to competitive pressure.

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“…The lower overall number of female finishers and the variable number of male finishers over the years influences the data analysis. An increase in the number of contestants is not only associated with a better average performance, but also with a lower performance dispersion 48. An analysis of running data between 1973 and 2009 revealed that the gender difference in performance considerably narrowed over the years 49.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Finisher and performance trends in female and male mountain ultramarathoners by age group

Rüst¹,

Knechtle²,

Eichenberger³

et al. 2013

IJGM

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BackgroundThis study examined changes according to age group in the number of finishers and running times for athletes in female and male mountain ultramarathoners competing in the 78 km Swiss Alpine Marathon, the largest mountain ultramarathon in Europe and held in high alpine terrain.MethodsThe association between age and performance was investigated using analysis of variance and both single and multilevel regression analyses.ResultsBetween 1998 and 2011, a total of 1,781 women and 12,198 men finished the Swiss Alpine Marathon. The number of female finishers increased (r2 = 0.64, P = 0.001), whereas the number of male finishers (r2 = 0.18, P = 0.15) showed no change. The annual top ten men became older and slower, whereas the annual top ten women became older but not slower. Regarding the number of finishers in the age groups, the number of female finishers decreased in the age group 18–24 years, whereas the number of finishers increased in the age groups 30–34, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, 55–59, 60–64, and 70–74 years. In the age groups 25–29 and 35–39 years, the number of finishers showed no changes across the years. In the age group 70–74 years, the increase in number of finishers was linear. For all other age groups, the increase was exponential. For men, the number of finishers decreased in the age groups 18–24, 25–29, 30–34, and 35–39 years. In the age groups 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, 55–59, 60–64, 70–74, and 75–79 years, the number of finishers increased. In the age group 40–44 years, the increase was linear. For all other age groups, the increase was exponential. Female finishers in the age group 40–44 years became faster over time. For men, finishers in the age groups 18–24, 25–29, 30–34, 40–44, and 45–49 years became slower.ConclusionThe number of women older than 30 years and men older than 40 years increased in the Swiss Alpine Marathon. Performance improved in women aged 40–44 years but decreased in male runners aged 18–49 years.

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Gender Differences in Competitive Orientations: Empirical Evidence from Ultramarathon Running

Cited by 44 publications

References 46 publications

A Comparison of Hispanic Middle School Students' Performance, and Perceived and Actual Physical Exertion, on the Traditional and Treadmill One-Mile Runs

A Comparison of Hispanic Middle School Students' Performance, and Perceived and Actual Physical Exertion, on the Traditional and Treadmill One-Mile Runs

Gender and Risk Taking: Evidence From Jumping Competitions

Finisher and performance trends in female and male mountain ultramarathoners by age group

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