Gender differences in emotional expressivity and self-regulation during early infancy.

Weinberg, M. Katherine; Tronick, Edward Z.; Cohn, Jeffrey F.; Olson, Karen L.

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.175

Cited by 356 publications

(370 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Instead, it is possible that they arose from differences in the ways boys and girls respond to the Still‐Face stressor. For example, different consequences of early social interaction with mothers in males and females have been described, indicating that males may be more affected in the still‐face procedure by maternal sensitivity than girls (Warren & Simmens, 2005; Weinberg, Tronick, Cohn, & Olson, 1999). As a result, maternal sensitivity may be more strongly associated with vagal reactivity in males than in females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the associations between vagal reactivity and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms

Vidal‐Ribas

Pickles

Tibu³

et al. 2017

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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BackgroundVagal reactivity to stress in children has been associated with future psychiatric outcomes. However, results have been mixed possibly because these effects are in opposite direction in boys and girls. These sex differences are relevant in the context of development of psychopathology, whereby the rates of psychiatric disorders differ by sex. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between vagal reactivity, assessed as a reduction in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in response to a challenge, and the development of future oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms in boys and girls. In addition, we examine the specific associations with ODD symptom dimensions, named irritability and headstrong. We hypothesized that increased vagal reactivity was associated with increased ODD symptoms in girls and a reduction in ODD symptoms in boys.MethodsParticipants were members of the Wirral Child Health and Development Study, a prospective epidemiological longitudinal study of 1,233 first‐time mothers recruited at 20 weeks’ gestation. RSA during four nonstressful and one stressful (still‐face) procedures was assessed when children were aged 29 weeks in a sample stratified by adversity (n = 270). Maternal reports of ODD symptoms were collected when children were 2.5 years old (n = 253), 3.5 years old (n = 826), and 5 years old (n = 770). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test our hypotheses.ResultsThere was a significant sex difference in the prediction of ODD symptoms due to the opposite directionality in which increasing vagal reactivity was associated with an increase in ODD symptoms in girls and a reduction of ODD symptoms in boys. This Sex by Vagal reactivity interaction was common for both ODD dimensions, with no sex by dimension‐specific associations.ConclusionsPhysiological reactivity to a stressful situation predicts differently ODD symptoms in boys and girls very early in life, with no difference across irritability and headstrong components. Findings are discussed in the context of the several mechanisms involved on the later development of distinct psychiatric disorders in boys and girls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the associations between vagal reactivity and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms

Vidal‐Ribas

Pickles

Tibu³

et al. 2017

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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Section: Coding Infancymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fourth composite addressed periods in which the infant looked at the parent's face (sum of social attend and social play) and was termed social orientation. The monadic phases system has been used extensively in research on parent-infant affective matching in healthy and 603 BACKGROUND EMOTIONS, SYNCHRONY, AND SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION high-risk populations (Cohn & Tronick, 1988;Feldman, 2003;Feldman et al, 1999;Field et al, 1990;Lester et al, 1985;Tronick et al, 2005;Weinberg et al, 1999).Coding of the videotapes was conducted by four graduate students following extensive training. Coding was conducted in 1-s frames for 3 min of the interaction: the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th minutes, the most pronounced period of play at this age that begins after an orientation period and once the infant's gaze is focused on the parent's face.…”

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confidence: 99%

On the origins of background emotions: From affect synchrony to symbolic expression.

Feldman¹

2007

Emotion

105

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Guided by Damasio's (2003) formulations on background emotions, this study examined the contour of infant affect during interactions with mother and father in relation to the emergence of symbolic expression. One hundred parents and infants were observed in face-to-face interactions and in play sessions at the toddler stage. Parent's and infants' affective states were coded in 1-s frames, and synchrony was assessed. Toddlers' play was microcoded for symbolic level and for reciprocity and intrusiveness. Infant affective contour with mother was rhythmic with 1 episode of positive arousal framed by social gaze. Affective contour with father contained several peaks of positive arousal of shorter duration. Symbolic complexity was comparable and preserved the parent-specific contours, with quicker latencies, higher frequencies, and shorter durations of complex symbolic episodes with father. Sequential relations emerged between parent's and child's symbolic expression, and maternal reciprocity and intrusiveness were sequentially linked to symbolic expansion or constriction, respectively. Parent-infant synchrony and the parent's support of toddler symbolic play predicted symbolic complexity. The need to include time in research on emotions and the dyadic origins of positive emotions are discussed.Keywords: synchrony, arousal, symbolic play, positive emotions, fathersIn his recent book on the neurobiology of emotions, Looking for Spinoza, Antonio Damasio (2003) differentiated three classes of emotions: primary emotions, referring to the basic Darwinian emotions observed across cultural communities and a range of mammalian species; social emotions, those related to the self-inrelationships, such as empathy, shame, pity, or pride; and background emotions. Background emotions, the least researched group of the three, refer to the contour of affect as it is played out in time (e.g., surging, fading, accelerating, exploding, etc.) and mark the organization of arousal and affect into patterned configurations that, although not easily captured by the language of discrete emotions, provide an overall framework for the organization of the self and likely depend on a distinct brain circuitry (Damasio, 1999). Background emotions, therefore, define the ongoing component in emotions, and the central arena for their expression is the social context. During interpersonal communication, individuals perceive and respond to the partner's micro-level behaviors as they cohere into a unified affective message, such as tone of voice, direction of gaze, facial expressions, level of arousal, muscle tone, or body orientation, and the ability to follow second-by-second shifts in such behaviors is essential for the participation in any emotional exchange. Infants are sensitized to the temporal components of emotional communication as soon as they enter the social world, at about 2-3 months of age (D. N. Stern, 1985), through the parent's ongoing synchrony with the infant's micro-level behaviors (Tronick, 1989). Describing the parent-infant affect ...

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“…Most studies presented their finding that girls have better emotion regulation than boys. The difference in emotion regulation by gender is known to originate from biological difference (such as disposition), cultural difference or socialization process [35][36][37][38]. According to neuroscience researches that are being conducted actively in recent years, genderbased differences are reported in close connection to emotion regulation [39], which implies the probability of gender-based discrepancy due to biological sex differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the intervention with regard to gambling problem requires identification of specific path between variables of gambling problem. From this context, the present study is a cross-sectional study, with a goal to identify the specific path between the variables of gambling problem.Meanwhile, many studies about emotion regulation reported the difference in emotion regulation by gender [35,36]. Most studies presented their finding that girls have better emotion regulation than boys.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Abuse, Emotion Regulation and Family Member’s Gambling Problem on Problem Gamblers: Developmental Perspective

Shin¹,

Choi²,

Kim³

2017

J Addict Res Ther

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The goal of this study was to identify the moderated mediating effect of family member's gambling problem on the connection between abuse, emotion regulation and problem gambling. To this end, a research model was tested among 642 adults (men: 473, women: 169) who gambled at least once a year and had been categorized as problem gamblers based on the CPGI score (8 and above). The study results were as follows: for men, abuse was identified to have a direct effect on problem gambling and an indirect influence on problem gambling by lowering their emotion regulation. In addition, men who experienced much abuse and had a family member with a gambling problem were found to suffer with a gambling problem of higher severity. This indicates that family member's gambling problem moderates the connection between abuse and gambling problem. As for women, history of domestic abuse affected emotion regulation, but emotion regulation did not mediate the connection between abuse and gambling problem. This study has its significance as it identifies the mechanism of family member's gambling problem from the perspective of developmental psychopathology, in addition to the mechanism of emotion regulation and gambling problem on the developmental path that negative childhood experience can lead to adjustment problem in adulthood.Keywords: Abuse; Emotion regulation; Familial member's gambling problem; Problem gambling IntroductionGambling has some positive functions for individuals and society, as it serves as a medium of leisure and a source of capital in a country and local communities; however, it often plays a dysfunctional role among individuals, families, colleagues, workplaces, communities, and countries [1]. The severity of gambling problem can be seen in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) by American Psychiatric Association (APA), and the problems that stem from dysfunctionality due to loss of self-control are defined as "disordered gambling" [2]. In the same vein, it is crucial to identify the factors influencing gambling problem. Shaffer and Korn highlighted the usefulness of a public health paradigm for gambling, while addressing the issue with a pathological model, which only focuses on individuals with gambling problem and cannot properly handle these problems that create great havoc not only for individuals but also for families and communities [3].The core targets of a public health paradigm for gambling are agents, hosts, and environment; they focus on the interplay between these components, instead of approaching the individual targets separately. In gambling, the agent is the game that determines the outcome of gambling; the host is the individual participating in gambling; and the environment is the physical, socio-cultural surroundings where the game takes place. To discuss the details of the public health paradigm for gambling, let us examine the influencing factors of gambling problem by each component as follows [4]. First, from the host's perspective, the factors that influe...

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Gender differences in emotional expressivity and self-regulation during early infancy.

Cited by 356 publications

References 32 publications

Sex differences in the associations between vagal reactivity and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms

Sex differences in the associations between vagal reactivity and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms

On the origins of background emotions: From affect synchrony to symbolic expression.

The Effects of Abuse, Emotion Regulation and Family Member’s Gambling Problem on Problem Gamblers: Developmental Perspective

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