Gender Differences in Fundamental Motor Skills Proficiency in Children Aged 3–6 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Zheng, Yi; Ye, Weibing; Korivi, Mallikarjuna; Liu, Yubo; Hong, Feng

doi:10.3390/ijerph19148318

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…The most recent meta-analytic review on the topic, 17 which covered children aged 3-6 years, found similar evidence to the current study with regard to skill patterning by sex. Other studies have shown that object control skills are typically better in boys, 17,[36][37][38] but 39 locomotor skills are less consistent in sex patterning. These inconsistencies could be attributed to the different protocols used, to individual variabilities, and to cultural differences.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…For 3-5 years old, boys had higher object control raw scores than girls at the age of three , and four , and this difference increased at the age of 5 . The most recent meta-analytic review on the topic, 17 which covered children aged 3-6 years, found similar evidence to the current study with regard to skill patterning by sex. Other studies have shown that object control skills are typically better in boys, 17,[36][37][38] but 39 locomotor skills are less consistent in sex patterning.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The norms for the TGMD-2 showed a slightly different picture, in that for locomotor skills, boys consistently performed lower in terms of raw scores at 3 years (19-21) and 4 years of age (27)(28)(29), and then became more similar in scores at 5 years . In the TGMD-3 norms, similar patterns were seen for locomotor skills, where boys showed lower values than girls at 3 years of age (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), at 4 years of age (22)(23), and at 5 years (29)(30). This pattern changes for the ball skills.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…It should be noted that these results were based on studies that used MC assessment tools. Focusing only on Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD), Zheng et al 17 conducted a systematic meta-analytic review examining sex differences in MC among 3-6-year old children. Results for overall MC based on 16 studies including 1351 boys and 1247 girls highlighted significant differences favoring boys (95% CI 0.03, 0.31; p = 0.02).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex differences in 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children's motor competence: A pooled cross‐sectional analysis of 6241 children

Martins,

Webster,

Romo‐Perez

et al. 2024

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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There is some, albeit inconsistent, evidence supporting sex differences in preschoolers' motor competence (MC), with these observations not uniform when analyzed by age, and cultural groups. Thus, this study examined sex differences across ages in 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children's MC. A cross‐country pooled sample of 6241 children aged 3–5 years (49.6% girls) was assessed for MC using the Test of Gross Motor Development—2nd/3rd edition, and children were categorized into groups of age in months. Multiple linear regression models and predictive margins were calculated to explore how sex and age in months affect scores of MC (i.e., locomotor and ball skills), with adjustments for country and BMI. The Chow's Test was used to test for the presence of a structural break in the data. Significant differences in favor of girls were seen at 57–59 and 66–68 months of age for locomotor skills; boys performed better in ball skills in all age periods, except for 42–44 and 45–47 months of age. The higher marginal effects were observed for the period between 45–47 and 48–50 months for locomotor skills (F = 30.21; and F = 25.90 for girls and boys, respectively), and ball skills (F = 19.01; and F = 42.11 for girls and boys, respectively). A significantly positive break point was seen at 45–47 months, highlighting the age interval where children's MC drastically improved. The identification of this breakpoint provides an evidence‐based metric for when we might expect MC to rapidly increase, and an indicator of early delay when change does not occur at that age.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Sex differences in 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children's motor competence: A pooled cross‐sectional analysis of 6241 children

Martins,

Webster,

Romo‐Perez

et al. 2024

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…First is elementary student because in this phase, potential gross motoric growing rapidly (Burhaein, 2017). Second is boy because boys have better motoric movement than girls (Zheng et al, 2022). The last is experiencing congenital total visual impairment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimalisasi Indera Peraba Dan Pendengaran Dalam Penguasaan One-Handed Overarm Throw Anak Dengan Gangguan Penglihatan

Nevangga

Nurhasan²,

Hakim³

et al. 2023

JJSC

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Anak tunanetra memiliki performa aktivitas fisik harian yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan sebaya mereka yang memiliki penglihatan, termasuk olahraga. Anak dengan gangguan penglihatan memiliki gerakan motorik yang tidak ideal karena indera penglihatan penting untuk keakuratan gerakan secara optimal. Faktor yang mempengaruhi derajat tidak idealnya gerakan adalah tingkat gangguan penglihatan, status kelahiran (cukup bulan atau prematur) dan latar belakang pengetahuan tentang kemampuan atau konsep gerakan. Penguasaan keterampilan motorik yang memadai, terutama keterampilan lokomotor dan motorik kasar, berkaitan dengan peningkatan tingkat aktivitas fisik selama prasekolah, anak, dan remaja. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SLB A YPAB Surabaya di mana dalam mengajarkan gerakan melempar, guru hanya memberikan instruksi secara lisan dan sesekali mengarahkan tangan ke arah bola untuk mengambil bola, namun tidak untuk menuntun anak melakukan gerakan tersebut. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan karena tidak adanya tenaga pendidik pelajaran kesehatan jasmani sehingga kurang memiliki pengetahuan tentang gerakan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi keefektifitasan 2 metode pelatihan, yaitu pelatihan menggunakan indera pendengaran saja dan menggunakan indera pendengaran dan peraba pada tingkat penguasaan gerakan one-handed overarm throw serta respon psikologis subjek yang nantinya dapat digunakan sebagai bahan dasar pertimbangan penyusunan metode pengajaran gerakan pada siswa sekolah dasar dengan gangguan penglihatan. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan adanya tingkat penguasaan yang lebih baik pada siswa yang diberikan pelatihan menggunakan indera pendengaran dan peraba dibandingkan dengan pendengaran saja. Secara psikologis, siswa dengan pelatihan menggunakan indera peraba dan pendengaran menunjukkan respon yang lebih positif.

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Sleep and fundamental movement skills in primary schoolchildren: The REACT project

Chaput,

Pereira,

Katzmarzyk

et al. 2023

American J Hum Biol

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ObjectiveWhether sleep is related to fundamental movement skills (FMS) in the pediatric population is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the association between sleep characteristics (duration, efficiency, regularity) and FMS proficiency levels in school‐aged children.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 996 children (mean age: 8.3 ± 1.2 years) from 25 of the 32 primary schools in Matosinhos, northern Portugal. Data collection occurred between January and June 2022. Sleep was assessed using an ActiGraph wGT3X‐BT accelerometer worn on the wrist for 7 consecutive days. FMS proficiency levels were assessed in the schools with a new digital platform (Meu Educativo®) that evaluated five object control skills (dribble, kick, catch, throw, and underhand roll), with a total score ranging between 5 and 15. Multilevel ordinal logistic regression was used to test the associations between sleep characteristics and FMS proficiency levels. Covariates included age, sex, body mass index z‐score, socioeconomic status, and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity.ResultsThe results showed that sleep characteristics (duration, efficiency, and regularity) were not related to FMS proficiency. Being a boy, older age, and higher moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity levels were all significantly associated with better FMS proficiency levels. There were no significant sex‐by‐age interactions.ConclusionSleep was not found to be related to FMS performance in children. This finding suggests that sleep is not a good correlate of FMS proficiency levels in school‐aged children, and attention should be dedicated to other more important factors such as skill‐learning‐specific physical activity.

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Gender Differences in Fundamental Motor Skills Proficiency in Children Aged 3–6 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 29 publications

References 82 publications

Sex differences in 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children's motor competence: A pooled cross‐sectional analysis of 6241 children

Sex differences in 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children's motor competence: A pooled cross‐sectional analysis of 6241 children

Optimalisasi Indera Peraba Dan Pendengaran Dalam Penguasaan One-Handed Overarm Throw Anak Dengan Gangguan Penglihatan

Sleep and fundamental movement skills in primary schoolchildren: The REACT project

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